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| 7795451404 | Cyrus the Great | Founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. | 0 | |
| 7795451405 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person. | 1 | |
| 7795451406 | Olympic Games | One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations. | 2 | |
| 7795451407 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire. | 3 | |
| 7795451408 | Peloponnesian War | War from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece. | 4 | |
| 7795451409 | Philip of Macedonia | Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece. | 5 | |
| 7795451410 | Hellenistic | Culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests. | 6 | |
| 7795451411 | Republic | The balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. | 7 | |
| 7795451412 | Punic Wars | Three conflicts (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power. | 8 | |
| 7795451413 | Carthage | Founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans. | 9 | |
| 7795451414 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome. | 10 | |
| 7795451415 | Julius Caesar | General responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators. | 11 | |
| 7795451416 | Caesar Augustus | Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. | 12 | |
| 7795451417 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 13 | |
| 7795451418 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. | 14 | |
| 7795451419 | Polis | City-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 15 | |
| 7795451420 | Direct democracy | Literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. | 16 | |
| 7795451421 | Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. | 17 | |
| 7795451422 | Consuls | Two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy. | 18 | |
| 7795451423 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world. | 19 | |
| 7795451424 | Cicero | Conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day. | 20 | |
| 7795451425 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. | 21 | |
| 7795451426 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young. | 22 | |
| 7795451427 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. | 23 | |
| 7795451428 | Iliad and Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology. | 24 | |
| 7795451429 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | Three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality. | 25 |
