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| 251801659 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 0 | |
| 251801660 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and capturing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 1 | |
| 251801661 | Ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 2 | |
| 251801662 | Sufis | Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions | 3 | |
| 251801663 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian Kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 4 | |
| 251801664 | Mameluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 5 | |
| 251801665 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 6 | |
| 251801666 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession | 7 | |
| 251801667 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 8 | |
| 251801668 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 9 | |
| 251801669 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors has a cycle of three generations; strong, weak, dissolute | 10 | |
| 251801670 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 11 | |
| 251801671 | al-Ghazali | pioneer of methods of doubt and skepticism; changed course of early Muslim philosophy to one based on cause and effect by God and intermediate angels, known today as occasionalism | 12 | |
| 251801672 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 13 | |
| 251801673 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation of intolerance and aggressionN | 14 | |
| 251801674 | Mahmud of Ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 15 | |
| 251801675 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india | 16 | |
| 251801676 | Mir Bai | Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 17 | |
| 251801677 | Kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 18 | |
| 251801678 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 19 | |
| 251801679 | Chinggis Kahn | Mongral leaeder who conqured part of the Abissid region | 20 | |
| 251801680 | Hulegu | Son of Chinggis Kahn who conqured Baghdad | 21 | |
| 251801681 | Malacca | A trade town | 22 | |
| 251801682 | Demak | The most important trading port | 23 | |
| 251801683 | lateen | the sail of a dhow | 24 |
