Terms : Hide Images
| 7657014388 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the arabic peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 7657014389 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 7657014390 | mecca | arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of muhammad and the future center of islam | 2 | |
| 7657014391 | medina | town northeast of mecca; asked muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; muhammad's flight to medina, the hijra, in 622 began the muslim calendar | 3 | |
| 7657014392 | umayyad | clan of the quraysh that dominated mecca; later an islamic dynasty | 4 | |
| 7657014393 | muhammad | (570-632); prophet of allah; originally a merchant of the quraysh | 5 | |
| 7657014394 | khadijah | the wife of muhammad | 6 | |
| 7657014395 | ka'ba | revered pre-islamic shrine in mecca; incorporated into muslim worship | 7 | |
| 7657014396 | qur'an | the word of god as revealed through muhammad; made into the holy book of islam | 8 | |
| 7657014397 | umma | community of the faithful within islam | 9 | |
| 7657014398 | zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all muslims | 10 | |
| 7657014399 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to mecca) | 11 | |
| 7657014400 | caliph | the successor the muhammad as head of the islamic community | 12 | |
| 7657014401 | ali | cousin and son-in-law of muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 13 | |
| 7657014402 | abu bakr | succeeded muhammad as the first caliph | 14 | |
| 7657014403 | ridda | wars following muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of islam | 15 | |
| 7657014404 | jihad | islamic holy war | 16 | |
| 7657014405 | uthman | third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within islam between the umayyads and ali | 17 | |
| 7657014406 | siffin | battle fought in 657 between ali and the umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented ali's party | 18 | |
| 7657014407 | mu'awiya | first umayyad caliph; his capital was damascus | 19 | |
| 7657014408 | copts, nestorians | christian sects of syria and egypt; gave their support to the arabic muslims | 20 | |
| 7657014409 | sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within islam; included the umayyads | 21 | |
| 7657014410 | shi'a | followers of ali's interpretation of islam | 22 | |
| 7657014411 | karbala | site of the defeat and death of husayn, the son of ali | 23 | |
| 7657014412 | mawali | non-arab converts to islam | 24 | |
| 7657014413 | jizya | head tax paid by all non-muslims in islamic lands | 25 | |
| 7657014414 | dhimmis | "the people of the book," jews, christians; later extended to zoroastrians and hindus | 26 | |
| 7657014415 | abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the umayyads in 750; their capital was at baghdad | 27 | |
| 7657014416 | hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet muhammad; added to the qur'an, form the essential writings of islam | 28 | |
| 7657014417 | battle of the river zab | 750; abbasid victory over the umayyads, near the tigris. led to abbasid ascendancy | 29 | |
| 7657014418 | baghdad | abbasid capital, close to the old persian capital of ctesiphon | 30 | |
| 7657014419 | wazir | chief administrative official under the abbasids | 31 | |
| 7657014420 | dhows | arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by arab merchants | 32 | |
| 7657014421 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the abbasids | 33 |
