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| 128343090 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | |
| 128343091 | Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. | |
| 128343092 | Hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | |
| 128343093 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | |
| 128343094 | Hernán Cortés | Les expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire. | |
| 128343095 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest. | |
| 128343096 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | |
| 128343097 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | |
| 128343098 | Francisco Pizarro | Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535. | |
| 128343099 | Mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | |
| 128343100 | Colombian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds. | |
| 128343101 | Potosí | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | |
| 128348744 | Haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | |
| 128348745 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | |
| 128354698 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | |
| 128354699 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | |
| 128354700 | Viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | |
| 128354701 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500. | |
| 128354702 | Paulistas | Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | |
| 128354703 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | |
| 128354704 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital. | |
| 128354705 | Sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | |
| 128354706 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | |
| 128354707 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | |
| 128354708 | War of the Spanish Succession | Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French. | |
| 128354709 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | |
| 128354710 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | |
| 128354711 | Carribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | |
| 128354712 | Enlightened despotism | Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment. | |
| 128354713 | Factories | Trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans. | |
| 128354714 | El Mina | Important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana. | |
| 128354715 | Nzinga Mvemba | Ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed *Alfonso I*; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade. | |
| 128354716 | Luanda | Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola. | |
| 128354717 | Royal African Company | Chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies. | |
| 128354718 | Indies piece | A unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave. | |
| 128354719 | Triangular trade | Complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa. | |
| 128354720 | Asante | Akan state centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (now Ghana). | |
| 128354721 | Osei Tutu | Important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante | |
| 128354722 | Benin | African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave-trading state; famous for its bronze-casting techniques. | |
| 128354723 | Dahomey | African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century and centered at Abomey; became a major slave-trading state through use of Western firearms. | |
| 128354724 | Great Trek | Movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government. | |
| 128354725 | Shaka | Ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state. | |
| 128354726 | Swazi and Lesotho | African states formed by peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane. (Wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century) | |
| 128354727 | Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience. | |
| 128354728 | Obeah | African religious practices in the British American islands. | |
| 128354729 | Candomble | African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. | |
| 128354730 | Vodun | African religious practices among descendants in Haiti. | |
| 128354731 | Palmares | Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil. | |
| 128354732 | Suriname Maroons | Descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rain forests of Suriname and French Guiana. | |
| 128354733 | William Wilberforce | British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807. Died one month after Great Britain banned slavery in 1833. | |
| 128354734 | Polygamy | The practice of having more than one wife at a time. | |
| 128354735 | Afrikaners | Another term used for the Boer. | |
| 128354736 | Voortrekkers | Boer farmers who migrated further into South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s. | |
| 128354737 | Zulu wars | War fought in 1879 between the British and the African Zulu tribes. | |
| 128354738 | Diaspora | The dispersion of a group of people after the conquest of their homeland. | |
| 128354739 | Saltwater slaves | Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black. | |
| 128354740 | Creole slaves | American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women. | |
| 128365538 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century. They unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established an empire that included most of the Arab world and some of Eastern Europe (Balkans) that lasted until after WW I. | |
| 128365539 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. | |
| 128365540 | Janissaries | Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; had great political influence after the 15th century. | |
| 128365541 | Vizier | Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. | |
| 128365542 | Suleymaniye mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers | |
| 128365543 | Safavid dynasty | Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | |
| 128365544 | Safi al-Din | Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty. | |
| 128365545 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | |
| 128365546 | Abbas I (the Great) | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. | |
| 128365547 | Imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | |
| 128365548 | Mullahs | Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism. | |
| 128365549 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. | |
| 128365550 | Mughal dynasty | Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century. | |
| 128365551 | Babur | Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. | |
| 128365552 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556. | |
| 128365553 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. | |
| 128365554 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. | |
| 128365555 | Taj Mahal | Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. | |
| 128365556 | Nur Jahan | Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | |
| 128365557 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | |
| 128365558 | Red Heads | Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear. | |
| 128365559 | Shah | Turkic term used for emperor. | |
| 128365560 | Padishah | Safavid term used for king of kings. | |
| 128365561 | Nadir Khan Afsher | (1688 - 1747) Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom. | |
| 128365562 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. | |
| 128365563 | Mumtaz Mahal | (1593 - 1631) Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal. | |
| 128365564 | Sikhs | Members of a Hindu religious sect. founded in northern India around 1500. They believe in one god and reject the caste system. | |
| 128365565 | Asian sea trading network | Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks. | |
| 128365566 | Goa | Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population. | |
| 128365567 | Ormuz | Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base. | |
| 128365568 | Malacca | City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asianislands; became a major Portuguese trading base. | |
| 128365569 | Batavia | Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620. | |
| 128365570 | Treaty of Gijanti (1757) | Reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production. | |
| 128365571 | Luzon | Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort. | |
| 128365572 | Mindanao | Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest. | |
| 128365573 | Francis Xavier | Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower-caste groups; later worked in Japan. | |
| 128365574 | Robert Di Nobil | Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites. | |
| 128365575 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry. | |
| 128365576 | Macao and Canton | The only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade. | |
| 128365577 | The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus | Novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature. | |
| 128365578 | Zhenghe | Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration. | |
| 128365579 | Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall | Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity. | |
| 128365580 | Manchu | Zhurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming. | |
| 128365581 | Nobunaga | The first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. | |
| 128365582 | Toyotomo Hideyoshi | General under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading militarypower in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598. | |
| 128365583 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Vassal of Toyotomo Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. LAST Shogun family. Matthew Perry (US navy officer comes). | |
| 128365584 | Edo | Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate. | |
| 128365585 | Deshima | Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s. | |
| 128365586 | School of National Learning | 18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences. | |
| 128365587 | Caravels | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. | |
| 128365588 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. | |
| 128365589 | Dutch trading empire | The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products. | |
| 128365590 | Friars | Members of Roman Catholic religious orders. |
