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| 333540807 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of New World. | 0 | |
| 333540808 | encomiendas | grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.. | 1 | |
| 333540809 | Hispanola | 1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage. | 2 | |
| 333540810 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 3 | |
| 333540811 | Hernán Cortés | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule. | 4 | |
| 333540812 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest. | 5 | |
| 333540813 | Mexico City | capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 333540814 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 7 | |
| 333540815 | Francisco Pizarro | began conquest of Inca empire in 1535. | 8 | |
| 333540816 | Francisco Vácquez de Coronado | led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold. | 9 | |
| 333540817 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541. | 10 | |
| 333540818 | mita | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | 11 | |
| 333540819 | Colombian Exchange | biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds. | 12 | |
| 333540820 | Potosí | largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 13 | |
| 333540821 | Huancavelica | greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production. | 14 | |
| 333540822 | haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 15 | |
| 333540823 | Casa de la Contratación | Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World. | 16 | |
| 333540824 | consulado | merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return. | 17 | |
| 333540825 | galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion. | 18 | |
| 333540826 | Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 19 | |
| 333540827 | Recopilación | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies. | 20 | |
| 333540828 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 21 | |
| 333540829 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system. | 22 | |
| 333540830 | viceroyalties | major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 23 | |
| 333540831 | audiencia | royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. | 24 | |
| 333540832 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. | 25 | |
| 333540833 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed Brazil in 1500. | 26 | |
| 333540834 | captaincies | areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development. | 27 | |
| 333540835 | Paulistas | backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century. | 28 | |
| 333540836 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 29 | |
| 333540837 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. | 30 | |
| 333540838 | sociedad de castas | Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 31 | |
| 333540839 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 32 | |
| 333540840 | creoles | people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 33 | |
| 333540841 | amigos del país | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform. | 34 | |
| 333540842 | War of the Spanish Succession | caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 35 | |
| 333540843 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 36 | |
| 333629708 | commercio libre | opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados. | 37 | |
| 333629709 | José de Galvez | Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government. | 38 | |
| 333629710 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 39 | |
| 333629711 | Comunero Revolt | a popular revolt against Spanish rule in new Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels. | 40 | |
| 333629712 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution. | 41 | |
| 333629713 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after World War I. | 42 | |
| 333629714 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantine empire. | 43 | |
| 333629715 | Janissaries | conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century. | 44 | |
| 333629716 | vizier | head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. | 45 | |
| 333629717 | Suleymaniye mosque | great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century Ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent. | 46 | |
| 333629718 | Safavid dynasty | founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | 47 | |
| 333629719 | Safi al-Din | Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty. | 48 | |
| 333629720 | Ismâ'il | Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. | 49 | |
| 333629721 | Chaldiran | an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 50 | |
| 333629722 | Abbas I, the Great | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. | 51 | |
| 333629723 | imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | 52 | |
| 333629724 | mullahs | religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism | 53 | |
| 333629725 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. | 54 | |
| 333629726 | Mughal dynasty | established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century. | 55 | |
| 333629727 | Babur | Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. | 56 | |
| 333629728 | Humayn | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556. | 57 | |
| 333629729 | Akbar | son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. | 58 | |
| 333629730 | Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. | 59 | |
| 333629731 | sati | ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband's funeral pyres. | 60 | |
| 333629732 | Taj Mahal | mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. | 61 | |
| 333629733 | Nur Jahan | wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | 62 | |
| 333629734 | Aurangzeb | son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | 63 | |
| 333629735 | factories | trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans. | 64 | |
| 333629736 | El Mina | important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana. | 65 | |
| 333629737 | lançados | Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of the African interior with coastal centers. | 66 | |
| 333629738 | Nzinga Mvemba | ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed Afonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade. | 67 | |
| 333629739 | Luanda | Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola. | 68 | |
| 333629740 | Royal African Company | chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies. | 69 | |
| 333629741 | Indies piece | a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave. | 70 | |
| 333629742 | triangular trade | complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa. | 71 | |
| 333629743 | Asante | Akan state the Gold Coast (now Ghana) among the Akan people and centered at Kumasi. | 72 | |
| 333629744 | Osei Tutu | important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante. | 73 | |
| 333629745 | asantehene | title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante. | 74 | |
| 333629746 | Benin | African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave trading state; famous for if bronze casting techniques. | 75 | |
| 333629747 | Dahomey | African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms | 76 | |
| 333629748 | Luo | Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties the lakes region of central Africa. | 77 | |
| 333629749 | Usuman Dan Fodio | Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa.. | 78 | |
| 333629750 | Great Trek | movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government. | 79 | |
| 333629751 | Shaka | ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state. | 80 | |
| 333629752 | Mfecane | wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization. | 81 | |
| 333629753 | Swazi and Lesotho | African states formed peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane. | 82 | |
| 333629754 | Middle Passage | slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience | 83 | |
| 333629755 | obeah | African religious practices in the British American islands. | 84 | |
| 333629756 | candomble | African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. | 85 | |
| 333629757 | vodun | African religious practices among descendants in Haiti. | 86 | |
| 333629758 | Palmares | Angolan-led large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil | 87 | |
| 333629759 | Surinam Maroons | descendants of 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana. | 88 | |
| 333629760 | William Wilberforce | British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807. | 89 | |
| 333629761 | Asian sea trading network | divided, from west to east, into three zones prior to the European arrival; an Arab zone based upon glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian with cotton textiles; a Chinese with paper, porcelain, and silks. | 90 | |
| 333629762 | Goa | Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population | 91 | |
| 333629763 | Ormuz | Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base | 92 | |
| 333629764 | Malacca | city on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base. | 93 | |
| 333629765 | Batavia | Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620. | 94 | |
| 333629766 | Treaty of Gijanti (1757) | reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production. | 95 | |
| 333629767 | Luzon | northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort. | 96 | |
| 333629768 | Mindanao | southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest. | 97 | |
| 333629769 | Francis Xavier | Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower caste groups; later worked in Japan. | 98 | |
| 333629770 | Robert Di Nobli | Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites. | 99 | |
| 333629771 | Hongwu | first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry. | 100 | |
| 333629772 | Macao and Canton | the only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade. | 101 | |
| 333629773 | The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus | novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature. | 102 | |
| 333629774 | Zhenghe | Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration. | 103 | |
| 333629775 | Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall | Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity. | 104 | |
| 333629776 | Chongzhen | last of the Ming rulers; committed suicide in 1644 as rebels invaded the Forbidden City of Beijing. | 105 | |
| 333629777 | Manchus | Jurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming. | 106 | |
| 333629778 | Nobunaga | the first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. | 107 | |
| 333629779 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi | general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the diamyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598. | 108 | |
| 333629780 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. | 109 | |
| 333629781 | Edo | Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate. | 110 | |
| 333629782 | Deshima | island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s. | 111 | |
| 333629783 | School of National Learning | 18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences. | 112 |
