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| 1259806936 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 0 | |
| 1259806937 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed. | 1 | |
| 1259806938 | Agustin de Iturbide | Conservatives Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. | 2 | |
| 1334859210 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia. | 3 | |
| 1334859211 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 4 | |
| 1334859212 | Jose de San Martin | Leader of independent movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. | 5 | |
| 1334859213 | Pedro I | Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 6 | |
| 1334859214 | Andres Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 7 | |
| 1334859215 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies;sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 8 | |
| 1334859216 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 9 | |
| 1334859217 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulations, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. | 10 | |
| 1334859218 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 11 | |
| 1334859219 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | 12 | |
| 1334859220 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin America trade. | 13 | |
| 1334859221 | Guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. | 14 | |
| 1334859222 | Positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. | 15 | |
| 1334859223 | Aguste Comte | French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. | 16 | |
| 1334859224 | Manifest Destiny | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. | 17 | |
| 1334859225 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. | 18 | |
| 1334859226 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States. | 19 | |
| 1334859227 | Benito Juarez | Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death his death in 1872. | 20 | |
| 1334859228 | Maximilian Von Habsburg | Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867. | 21 | |
| 1334859229 | Argentine Republic | Replace state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralist and federalists. | 22 | |
| 1334859230 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. | 23 | |
| 1334859231 | Cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization. | 24 | |
| 1334859232 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. | 25 | |
| 1334859233 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed in 1914. | 26 |
