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| 298650391 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. | 0 | |
| 298650392 | Gothic | an architectural style developed duirng the Middle Ages in Western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls. | 1 | |
| 298650393 | Vikings | sea-going Scananavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland and North America. | 2 | |
| 298650394 | manorialism | system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy or reciprocal obligations that exchnged labor for access to land. | 3 | |
| 298650395 | serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 4 | |
| 298650396 | moldboard | heavy plow introduced in northen Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 5 | |
| 298650397 | three-field system | one third of land left unplanted each year to icrease fertility | 6 | |
| 298650398 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity ca. 496. | 7 | |
| 298650399 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th to 10th century. | 8 | |
| 298650400 | Charles Martel | Corolingian monarch of Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. | 9 | |
| 298650401 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany ca. 800. | 10 | |
| 298650402 | Holy Roman Emperors | rulers in northern Italy and Germany following break-up of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 11 | |
| 298650403 | feudalsim | relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service. | 12 | |
| 298650404 | vassals | members of the military ellite who recieved land or a benefice from a lord in return for miliary service and loyality. | 13 | |
| 298650405 | Capetians | French dynasty ruing from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy. | 14 | |
| 298650406 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. | 15 | |
| 298650407 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215, confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | 16 | |
| 298650408 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals. | 17 | |
| 298650409 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France (1337-1453) | 18 | |
| 298650410 | Pope Urban II | called first crusade in 1095, appealed to Christans to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. | 19 | |
| 298650411 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th century founder ofa woman's monastic order, represented a new spirit of purity Aand dedication to the Catholic Church. | 20 | |
| 298650412 | Gregory VII | 11th century pope who attempted to free church from interfernce of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over prctice of lay investureof bishops. | 21 | |
| 298650413 | Peter Abelard | Author of 'Yes and No'; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within establishes doctrine. | 22 | |
| 298650414 | St. Bernards of Clairvaux | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with god; successflly challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | 23 | |
| 298650415 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of 'Summas'; believed through reason it was possible to know about natural order, moral law, and nature of god. | 24 | |
| 298650416 | scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophy approach; so-called because if its base in the schools or universities; based on the use on logic to resolve theological problems. | 25 | |
| 298650417 | troubadors | poets in the 14th century southern France; gave a new value to the emotions of love in Western tradition. | 26 | |
| 298650418 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandenavian cities fo the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 27 | |
| 298650419 | Jacques Coeur | 15th century French merchant, his career demonstrates new course of madival commerce. | 28 | |
| 298650420 | guilds | associations of worker in the same occupation in a single city, stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulation aprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities. | 29 | |
| 298650421 | Black Death | plague that struck Europe in the 14th century, significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 30 |
