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AP World History 10 Flashcards

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4265377529English Commonwealthperiod in English history where the nation had no monarch; began w/ execution of Charles I and ended w/ restoration of Charles II; led by Oliver Cromwell0
4265377530European explorationvoyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,1
4265377531Floating EmpiresPortuguese and the Spanish set out to sea, controlled many major shipping routes2
4265377532Goa, Indiaisland off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade3
4265377533Gutenberg's Printing Pressthis invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy4
4265377534Hacienda systemsimilar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners5
4265377535Hapsburg SpainCharles V was the king here and this is where counter reformation was strongest.6
4265377536Henry Tudoralso known as Henry VII, victor of the War of the Roses, Lancasterian7
4265377537heliocentric theoryplanets revolve around the sun8
4265377538huguenotsFrench Protestants9
4265377539Indulgencesremission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments10
4265377540Jannissary CorpsChristian boys who were taken by the Muslim Ottomans to train and serve in the military. They often converted to Islam as they lost all Christian influence.11
4265377541Jesuit Ordera Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen12
4265377542Law of Heavenly BodiesCopernicus believed that heavenly bodies were in constant rotation13
4265377543Martin LutherGerman theologian who led the Reformation14
4265377544Louis XIVking of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)15
4265377545Qing Dynastythe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu16
4265377546Peter the Greatruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia17
4265377547Philip II of Spainthis was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies18
4265377548Potosi Silver Minesilver mine in the interior of South America; great silver mountain that would bring Spanish wealth19
4265377549Protestant Reformationa religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches20
4265377550Roman Catholic Churchthe Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy21
4265377551Scientific Methodsa series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions22
4265377552Scientific Revolutionan era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method23
4265377553Silver (Single) Whip System1581, imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver; this reform monetized the Chinese tax system24
4265377554Straits of Malaccawell-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route25
4265377555Suleiman the MagnificentThe most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 'The Lawgiver.' he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.26
4265377556Thirty Years Warthis was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe27
4265377557Tokugawa ShogunateJapanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences28
4265377558Treaty of Westphalia1648, ended the 30 Year War and created the state system.29
4265377559The Vaticanthe palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church30
4265377560Zheng HeChinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia31
426537756195 Theseswritten by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.32
4265377562absolutisma form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)33
4265377563Anglican Churchchurch that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases34
4265377564Tycho Brahe(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.35
4265377565Miguel de CervantesSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form36
4265377566Nicholas CopernicusHe thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles37
4265377567"early modern" periodthe time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)38
4265377568empirical evidencescientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation39
4265377569English Civil Warconflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king40
4265377570Enlightenmenta movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions41
4265377571GalileoItalian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars42
4265377572Gunpowder EmpiresMuslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.43
4265377573Johann GutenbergGerman printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)44
4265377574joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses45
4265377575Johannes KeplerGerman astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)46
4265377576land-based powersgovernments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, and roads, etc. that unified regions47
4265377577sea-based powersnations who built larger empires by controlling sea routes and colonies48
4265377578Leonardo da VinciA well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.49

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