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| 280504290 | pre-history | Time before writing was invented | 1 | |
| 280504291 | early hominids | human like australopithecines started 3 to 4 millions years ago. Oldest fossils found in Great Rift Valley (Africa) 1950s to 1960s lucy - greatest ever find | 2 | |
| 280504292 | venus figurines | small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features, showed interest in fertility | 3 | |
| 280504293 | gilgamesh | a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories | 4 | |
| 280504294 | sargon of akkad | A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire. | 5 | |
| 280504295 | hammurabi's code | established high standars of behavior and stern punishments for violators; civil laws regulated mostly everything such as wages dealings and relationships, babylons | 6 | |
| 280504296 | lex talionis | Law of retribution "an eye for an eye" | 7 | |
| 280504297 | hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria | 8 | |
| 280504298 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 9 | |
| 280504299 | decline of egypt | power struggle of priests/pharohs, too much money spent on war/weapons, young, weak Tutankhamon | 10 | |
| 280504300 | bantu migrations | The Bantu expansion was a millenia long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving tocommunities and small groups moving to new areas. Bantu-speakers developed novel methods of agriculture and metalworking which allowed people to colonize new areas with widely varying ecologies in greater densities than hunting and foraging permitted. | 11 | |
| 280504301 | aryan migrations | The coming of Aryans marks the beginning of a historic period in India. Between the decline of Harappan civilization | 12 | |
| 280504302 | caste systems | a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person's occupation and economic potential as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color | 13 | |
| 280504303 | lawbook of manu | Written by t founder of the human race according to Indian mythology. Lawbook dealt with proper moral behavior and social relation ships, including sex and gener relationships. Composed after the vedic age, but reflected the society constructed eariler under Aryan influence. Advisted men to treat women with honor and respect, but insisted that women remain subject to guidence from men. Also specificed duties of women were to bear children and maintain wholesome homes for their families. | 14 | |
| 280504304 | vedas | sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests | 15 | |
| 280504305 | upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 16 | |
| 280504306 | hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, | 17 | |
| 280504307 | bronze metallurgy | Copper became obsolete and the military began to use bronze swords, spears, axes, shileds, and armour. Farmers used bronze knives and bronze-tipped plows. Bronze is made out of copper and tin., gave aristocrats in the Shang dynasty power because they had a monopoly on bronze tools | 18 | |
| 280504308 | mandate of heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 19 | |
| 280504309 | warring states | After the political initiative had passed from the Zhou kings to their subordinates, and the royal court never regained authority. Territorial princes ignored the centeral government and used their resources to build, strengthen, and expand their own states. Fought ferociously with one another in hopes of establishing themselves as leaders of a new political order. Fights so violent its got it's name. Ended the Zhou dynasty when the last king abdicated his position under pressure. | 20 | |
| 280504310 | austronesian migration | Language spreads back to China- they settled in every piece of land in the Pacific basin within about 2,500 years, while others sailed to Madagascar. This tremendous expansion explains why their language is so spread. | 21 | |
| 280504311 | cyrus | King of Persians; expanded the Persian Empire from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea | 22 | |
| 280504312 | darius | Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. | 23 | |
| 280504313 | xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. | 24 | |
| 280504314 | satrapies | the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire | 25 | |
| 280504315 | battle of marathon | in 490 B.C., King Darius sent army to attack Athens; Athenians defeated them; Pheidippides ran 26 miles with the news | 26 | |
| 280504316 | zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120) | 27 | |
| 280504317 | angra mainyu | Zarathustra's name for the destructive spirit, the devil; also known as Ahriman. | 28 | |
| 280504318 | athura mazda | Zarathustra's name for the good spirit | 29 | |
| 280504319 | seleucid | one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Bactria and Anatolia | 30 | |
| 280504320 | parthia | Native Persian dynasty from mid 2nd century BCE to 3rd c. BCE, longstanding enemy of Rome in west Asia, Intermediary in Silkroad Trade | 31 | |
| 280504321 | sassanid | Empire that developed in the Middle East in 227 CE, attempted to revive the glories of the Persian Empire (including a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism) | 32 | |
| 280504322 | qin shihuangdi | Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. | 33 | |
| 280504323 | lui bang | born a peasent; became the first emporor of the Han Dynasty; wanted to free people from harsh policies; dave land to peasents; lowered taxes for farmers; earned people's loyalty and trust: fought in a rebel army | 34 | |
| 280504324 | han wudi | The most important Han Emperor. Expanded the Empire in all directions. Created the Civil Service System. Established Public Schools. | 35 | |
| 280504325 | xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. | 36 | |
| 280504326 | legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 37 | |
| 280504327 | confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 38 | |
| 280504328 | alexander the great | successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement | 39 | |
| 280504329 | mauryan empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. | 40 | |
| 280504330 | ashoka | grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire | 41 | |
| 280504331 | kautalya | Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government | 42 | |
| 280504332 | arthashastra | political treatise written during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya; advocated the use of all tactics in scientific conduct of warfare. | 43 | |
| 280504333 | rock and pillar edicts | laws written by Ashoka reminding Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives | 44 | |
| 280504334 | jainism | a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics. | 45 | |
| 280504335 | buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 46 | |
| 280504336 | ahimsa | a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence | 47 | |
| 280504337 | athens | Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture. | 48 | |
| 280504338 | sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | 49 | |
| 280504339 | polis | Greek city-state | 50 | |
| 280504340 | minoans | A Neolithic people that started around 3000BC, supposedly the earliest people on the island of Crete. They were excellent sailors & traded w/ Egypt & the Fertile Crescent. Were conquered by mainland Greece. | 51 | |
| 280504341 | athenian democracy | First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech. | 52 | |
| 280504342 | pericles | Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece | 53 | |
| 280504343 | hellenic league | The league first established by Philip that united the Greek city-states. | 54 | |
| 280504344 | delian league | an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians | 55 | |
| 280504345 | hellenistic world | the area of the world that was influenced by the reign of Alexander and continued after he died | 56 | |
| 280504346 | punic wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 57 | |
| 280504347 | etruscans | people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade | 58 | |
| 280504348 | 12 tablets | 12 Roman laws that showed the strict separation between patricians and pleabeians | 59 | |
| 280504349 | silk road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. | 60 | |
| 280504350 | fall of the roman empire | Attacks by the Visigoth, Attila and the Huns and vandals all weaked the empire and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. The west was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Roman governmental institutions survived and blended with German customs. | 61 | |
| 280504351 | split of the roman empire | The Roman Republic fought the Punic Wars which were followed by the Pax Romana. In 286 AD, the empire divided into the Western and Eastern empires until the barbaric Huns defeated the Western Empire, in 476 AD. | 62 |
