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| 5226214969 | bedouin | Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula. | 0 | |
| 5226214970 | shykhs | 1 | ||
| 5226218516 | mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 2 | |
| 5226218517 | umayyad | Dynasty that ruled Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 | 3 | |
| 5226220233 | ka'ba | Structure in Mecca that held idols and now is the target of the Hajj | 4 | |
| 5226222222 | qur'an | Holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 5226222223 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 6 | |
| 5226223463 | zakat | Almsgiving | 7 | |
| 5226223464 | five pilars | Faith, prayer, aimsgivng, fasting, hajj | 8 | |
| 5226224775 | cailiph | king | 9 | |
| 5226224776 | ali | 10 | ||
| 5226224777 | abu bakr | first caliph after death of Muhammad | 11 | |
| 5226228933 | ridda wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 12 | |
| 5226230560 | jihad | A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah" | 13 | |
| 5226230561 | battle of siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 14 | |
| 5226232460 | sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 15 | |
| 5226234346 | shi'a | a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam | 16 | |
| 5226234347 | karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 17 | |
| 5226235844 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 18 | |
| 5226237512 | dhimmis | A term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians. | 19 | |
| 5226241438 | abbasids | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250. | 20 | |
| 5226241439 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 21 | |
| 5226279752 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 22 | |
| 5226279753 | allah | Arabic word for God | 23 | |
| 5226281651 | khadijah | First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 24 | |
| 5226281652 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 25 | |
| 5226283951 | ramadam | A holy holiday in which muslims have to fast, one of the 5 pillars | 26 | |
| 5226283952 | hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | 27 | |
| 5226285554 | damascus | The Umayyads moved the capital from Mecca to this city. | 28 | |
| 5226285555 | hadiths | Traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rank second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law. | 29 | |
| 5226288503 | battle of the river zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 30 | |
| 5226288504 | baghdad | capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 31 | |
| 5226289947 | dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | 32 | |
| 5226289948 | mosque | A Muslim place of worship | 33 | |
| 5226303678 | harun al-rashid | Abbasid caliph who expanded the empire from the Atlantic to China, created the highpoint for Muslim | 34 | |
| 5226303679 | buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 35 | |
| 5226307514 | seljuk turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader | 36 | |
| 5226307515 | crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 37 | |
| 5226309271 | saladin | 12th century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the Crusader kingdoms. | 38 | |
| 5226309272 | ibn khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. | 39 | |
| 5226310978 | rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine where he expresses his opinions | 40 | |
| 5226310979 | sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 41 | |
| 5226317736 | mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 42 | |
| 5226317859 | muhammad ibn qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire | 43 | |
| 5226319377 | harsha | He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne. | 44 | |
| 5226319378 | sati | A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. | 45 | |
| 5226321150 | bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 46 | |
| 5226327574 | kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 47 | |
| 5226327575 | sultan | Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country | 48 | |
| 5226329158 | holy land | The region of present-day Israel; includes the city of Jerusalem, which is a holy city to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. | 49 | |
| 5226331156 | chinggis khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 50 | |
| 5226332516 | mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 51 | |
| 5226332517 | rajas | originally, a chieftain in the Aryan society of early India, a representative of the gods; later used more generally to denote a ruler | 52 | |
| 5226334458 | sultans of delhi | wanted to expand Islam, patrons of the arts, built Islamic sites like mosques, authority didn't spread beyond Delhi, raided Deccan region but didn't conquer, most were assassinated, relied on Hindu kings | 53 | |
| 5226338219 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 54 | |
| 5226338220 | almoravids | A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain. | 55 | |
| 5226341690 | almohadis | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa. | 56 | |
| 5226344658 | sahel | a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert" |  | 57 |
| 5226344659 | sudanic states | States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways. | 58 | |
| 5226344660 | mali empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. | 59 | |
| 5226344661 | juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa | 60 | |
| 5226346714 | sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 61 | |
| 5226349078 | axum | The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa. | 62 | |
| 5226349079 | timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 63 | |
| 5226351024 | songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 64 | |
| 5226351025 | askia muhammad | Ruler of the Songhai empire from 1493 to 1528 who expanded the empire and organized its government | 65 | |
| 5226353334 | hausa states | States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs. | 66 | |
| 5226353335 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates | 67 | |
| 5226355060 | nok | West Africa's earliest known cultural group. | 68 | |
| 5226355061 | yoruba | A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria. | 69 | |
| 5226356638 | ile-ife | the capital of a kingdom of the West African rain forest | 70 | |
| 5226356639 | benin | a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s | 71 | |
| 5226357873 | kongo kingdom | Relations with Portugal. King Alfonso I (Nzinga) became Christian. Slave raiding common | 72 | |
| 5226357874 | great zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 73 |
