Terms : Hide Images
| 10457984925 | overfarming | when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly | 0 | |
| 10457984926 | overgrazing | the continual eating of grasses or their roots | 1 | |
| 10457984927 | artifacts | objects made by people in the past | 2 | |
| 10457984928 | homo sapiens sapiens | modern humans | 3 | |
| 10457984929 | Paleolithic Period | early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons |  | 4 |
| 10457984930 | Neolithic Revolution | a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture |  | 5 |
| 10457984931 | monotheism | worshiping only one deity | 6 | |
| 10457984932 | Bronze Age | between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name |  | 7 |
| 10457984933 | civilization | a large society with cities and powerful states | 8 | |
| 10457984934 | core and foundational civilizatons | the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions | 9 | |
| 10457984935 | Jericho | one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River | 10 | |
| 10457984936 | Catal Huyuk | another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then |  | 11 |
| 10457984937 | textiles | items made of cloth |  | 12 |
| 10457984938 | specialization of labor | the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks |  | 13 |
| 10457984939 | copper | metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze | 14 | |
| 10457984940 | bronze | mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance | 15 | |
| 10457984941 | hunter-forager | (hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots |  | 16 |
| 10457984942 | agriculture | the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis | 17 | |
| 10457984943 | surplus | more than what a civilization needs for themselves | 18 | |
| 10457984944 | domestication | process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans | 19 | |
| 10457984945 | nomadic pastoralism | a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture |  | 20 |
| 10457984946 | kinship group | several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food | 21 | |
| 10457984947 | clan | a larger group of multiple kinship groups | 22 | |
| 10457984948 | tribe | multiple clans combined into a larger group | 23 | |
| 10457984949 | patriarchal society | a society dominated by men | 24 | |
| 10457984950 | artisans | people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery) | 25 | |
| 10457984951 | merchants | people who buy and sell goods for a living | 26 | |
| 10457984952 | social stratification | the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy | 27 | |
| 10457984953 | preists | men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine | 28 | |
| 10457984954 | priestesses | women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine | 29 | |
| 10457984955 | Tigris and Euphrates | rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf |  | 30 |
| 10457984956 | Mesopotamia | area between the Tigris and Euphrates |  | 31 |
| 10457984957 | Fertile Crescent | region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia | 32 | |
| 10457984958 | Carthage | a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa |  | 33 |
| 10457984959 | Sahara | desert zone in northern Africa |  | 34 |
| 10457984960 | Kalahari | desert zone in southern Africa |  | 35 |
| 10457984961 | Nile River | begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea |  | 36 |
| 10457984962 | desertification | the creation of desert-like conditions | 37 | |
| 10457984963 | Indus River Valley | river valley in India |  | 38 |
| 10457984964 | environmental degradation | mass deforestation and soil erosion | 39 | |
| 10457984965 | deforestation | removal of large numbers of trees | 40 | |
| 10457984966 | Huang He | Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea |  | 41 |
| 10457984967 | Chiang Jiang | Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China |  | 42 |
| 10457984968 | loess | a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color | 43 | |
| 10457984969 | Mesoamerica | Central America and Mexico |  | 44 |
| 10457984970 | maize | corn |  | 45 |
| 10457984971 | Oceania and Polynesia | the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands |  | 46 |
| 10457984972 | division of labor | other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food | 47 | |
| 10457984973 | barter | the direct exchange of goods without involving money | 48 | |
| 10457984974 | polytheistic | worshiping many gods | 49 | |
| 10457984975 | ziggurats | large stepped pyramids |  | 50 |
| 10457984976 | astronomy | the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere | 51 | |
| 10457984977 | astrology | the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets | 52 | |
| 10457984978 | Hebrews (Israelites, Jews) | lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon) | 53 | |
| 10457984979 | Abraham | founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him | 54 | |
| 10457984980 | Moses | the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments | 55 | |
| 10457984981 | Ten Commandments | a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity | 56 | |
| 10457984982 | Jewish Diaspora | the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East |  | 57 |
| 10457984983 | theocrats | rulers holding both religious and political power | 58 | |
| 10457984984 | Aten | the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively | 59 | |
| 10457984985 | mummification | the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth | 60 | |
| 10457984986 | Aryans | Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia) |  | 61 |
| 10457984987 | Hindi | originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken | 62 | |
| 10457984988 | Vedas | collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs | 63 | |
| 10457984989 | Vedic Age | age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs | 64 | |
| 10457984990 | brahmin | Indian priest | 65 | |
| 10457984991 | brahma | a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth | 66 | |
| 10457984992 | dharma | righteous duties and deeds | 67 | |
| 10457984993 | karma | fate in the next life | 68 | |
| 10457984994 | moksha | eternal peace or unity with brahma | 69 | |
| 10457984995 | ancestor veneration | the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor | 70 | |
| 10457984996 | Golden Age | a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation | 71 | |
| 10457984997 | scribes | a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language | 72 | |
| 10457984998 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform | 73 | |
| 10457984999 | cuneiform | world's first writing system from the Sumerians |  | 74 |
| 10457985000 | alphabetic script | a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet | 75 | |
| 10457985001 | hieroglyphics | picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians |  | 76 |
| 10457985002 | papyrus | a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper | 77 | |
| 10457985003 | Book of the Dead | a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person | 78 | |
| 10457985004 | Indo-European | a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin | 79 | |
| 10457985005 | Sanskrit | the sacred language of the Aryans |  | 80 |
| 10457985006 | Rig-Veda | a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior | 81 | |
| 10457985007 | Upanishads | a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism | 82 | |
| 10457985008 | pictographs/glyphs | Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object |  | 83 |
| 10457985009 | Austronesian speakers | Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan | 84 | |
| 10457985010 | feudalism | local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army |  | 85 |
| 10457985011 | Sumer and Sumerians | a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there |  | 86 |
| 10457985012 | Uruk | the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000 |  | 87 |
| 10457985013 | city-states | a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles | 88 | |
| 10457985014 | king and kingdom | Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory | 89 | |
| 10457985015 | Babylonians | Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians |  | 90 |
| 10457985016 | empire | the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups | 91 | |
| 10457985017 | Phoenicians | peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network |  | 92 |
| 10457985018 | Old Kingdom | a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine |  | 93 |
| 10457985019 | Middle Kingdom | a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria |  | 94 |
| 10457985020 | New Kingdom | a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors | 95 | |
| 10457985021 | Hyksos | a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom |  | 96 |
| 10457985022 | Hittities | a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses | 97 | |
| 10457985023 | Kush | ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians | 98 | |
| 10457985024 | Axum | civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam |  | 99 |
| 10457985025 | Dravidians | indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent |  | 100 |
| 10457985026 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems |  | 101 |
| 10457985027 | Chavin civilization | the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure | 102 | |
| 10457985028 | Olmec | the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs |  | 103 |
| 10457985029 | Easter Island | a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans |  | 104 |
| 10457985030 | aboriginals | hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways | 105 | |
| 10457985031 | Hammurabi | a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment) |  | 106 |
| 10457985032 | King Menes | Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms |  | 107 |
| 10457985033 | pharaoh | the king or queen that led the Egyptian government | 108 | |
| 10457985034 | Akhenaton | a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed | 109 | |
| 10457985035 | Ramses the Great | a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia | 110 | |
| 10457985036 | Xia Dynasty | the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known | 111 | |
| 10457985037 | Shang Dynasty | the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire | 112 | |
| 10457985038 | Mandate of Heaven | the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven |  | 113 |
| 10457985039 | Zhou Dynasty | the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power |  | 114 |
