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| 111458302 | Gutenberg, Johannes | Introduced movable type to western Europe greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. | 0 | |
| 111458303 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between GermanProtestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 1 | |
| 111458304 | Harvey, John | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump. | 2 | |
| 111458305 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italiam Renaissance c. 1450; centered in france, Low countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion that Italian Renaissance. | 3 | |
| 111458306 | edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant faction. | 4 | |
| 111458307 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reform into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundation of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 5 | |
| 111458308 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once precess was begun | 6 | |
| 111458309 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion neither Protestant or Catholic | 7 | |
| 111458310 | Wollstonecraft, Mary | Enlightenment feminist thinker in English; argued that new political rights should extend to women | 8 | |
| 111458311 | Locke, John | english philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; argued that power of government came from the people. not divine right of kinds; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. | 9 | |
| 111458312 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688 resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king | 10 | |
| 111458313 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputed mized with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the nomarchy in 1660 following execution of the previous king | 11 | |
| 111458314 | proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing worker, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 12 | |
| 111458315 | Descartes, RenZ | Established importance of skeptical review of all recieved wisdom (17th century); argues that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 13 | |
| 111458316 | humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 14 | |
| 111458317 | Calvin, Jean | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. | 15 | |
| 111458318 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 16 | |
| 111458319 | Absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 17 | |
| 111458320 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasing Protestant following Henry's death | 18 | |
| 111458321 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 18th century who personified absolute monarchy | 19 | |
| 111458322 | Smith Adam | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. | 20 | |
| 111458323 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia. | 21 | |
| 111458324 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. | 22 | |
| 111458325 | parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 23 | |
| 111458326 | Luther, Martin | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 these to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church, accepted state control of church | 24 | |
| 111458327 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. | 25 | |
| 111458328 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. | 26 | |
| 111458329 | Galileo | Published Copernicus' findings (17th century); added dis own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. | 27 | |
| 111458330 | Francis I | King of France in the 16th century, regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor | 28 | |
| 111458331 | Scientific revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. | 29 | |
| 111458332 | Witchcraft persecution | reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas. | 30 | |
| 111458333 | Newton, Isaac | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 31 | |
| 111458334 | European-stle family | Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. | 32 | |
| 111458335 | Machiavelli, Niccolo | Author of The Prince (16th Century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance. | 33 |
