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| 2154219489 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Grenada, initiation of exploration of New World | 0 | |
| 2154219490 | Caribbean | First era of Spanish exploration and settlement, served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience. encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 1 | |
| 2154219491 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 2 | |
| 2154219492 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 3 | |
| 2154219493 | Encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church. | 4 | |
| 2154219494 | Bartolome de Las casas | Dominican Friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish Colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 5 | |
| 2154219495 | Hernan Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenotchtitlan | 6 | |
| 2154219496 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec Emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenotchtitlan | 7 | |
| 2154219497 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec Capital of Tenotchtitlan | 8 | |
| 2154219498 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | 9 | |
| 2154219499 | Francisco Coronado | Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 10 | |
| 2154219500 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 | 11 | |
| 2154219501 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect f Inca imperial control | 12 | |
| 2154219502 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 13 | |
| 2154219503 | Huancavelica | Location of largest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production | 14 | |
| 2154219504 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 15 | |
| 2154219505 | Consulado | Merchants guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to Americas and handled much of the Silver received in return | 16 | |
| 2154219506 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ship used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 17 | |
| 2154219507 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal;clarified sphere of influence and rights of possession in the New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 18 | |
| 2154219508 | Letrados | University trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions | 19 | |
| 2154219509 | Recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in the New World; basis for law in the indies | 20 | |
| 2154219510 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 21 | |
| 2154219511 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico city; direct representatives of the king | 22 | |
| 2154219512 | Viceroys | senior government officials in Spanish America; They ruled as direct representative of the king over the principle administrative units or viceroyalties; Usually high ranking nobles with previous military or government experience | 23 | |
| 2154219513 | Audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10nin each viceroyality; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 24 | |
| 2154219514 | Sor Juana Ines de la cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters | 25 | |
| 2154219515 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 26 | |
| 2154219516 | Capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 27 | |
| 2154219517 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 1600s | 28 | |
| 2154219518 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush | 29 | |
| 2154219519 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazillian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 30 | |
| 2154219520 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top; black slaves or Native Americans at bottom; mixed races in the middle | 31 | |
| 2154219521 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 32 | |
| 2154219522 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath Peninsulares | 33 | |
| 2154219523 | Amigos del Pais | Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 1700s; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 34 | |
| 2154219524 | Way of the Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons; loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 35 | |
| 2154219525 | Charles III | Spanish Enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759-1788; instituted administrative and military reforms in Spain and its Empire | 36 | |
| 2154219526 | Jose de Galvez | 1720-1787 Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government | 37 | |
| 2154219527 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 38 | |
| 2154219528 | Communero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels | 39 | |
| 2154219529 | Tupac Amaru | 1738-1781 Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 40 | |
| 2154219530 | Isabella of castile | Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Grenada, initiation of exploration of New World | 41 | |
| 2154219531 | 1) Why did conquest and rule over people of different beliefs seem natural to the Iberians? | They lived between muslim and christian nations in the middle ages | 42 | |
| 2154219532 | 1) Describe the slavery tradition in Iberia | they take people they conquer for slaves | 43 | |
| 2154219533 | 2) What were the two pillars of Iberian politics? | Professional bureaucracy and taxation | 44 | |
| 2154219534 | 1) What were the three time periods of conquest and consolidation | middle ages, early ages, modern ages | 45 | |
| 2154219535 | Crucible | iberian cultural ritual | 46 | |
| 2154219536 | 1) Why did the Caribbean become a backwater for two centuries? | they were conquered and hit with diseases that decimated the population | 47 | |
| 2154219537 | What caused the Caribbean's revival? | the Caribbean's perfect climate for sugar plantations | 48 | |
| 2154219538 | 3) What political institutions or traditions did the Spanish bring to the Americas? | the encomienda system | 49 | |
| 2154219539 | 4) What signaled a shift of the Caribbean from an area of conquest to one of settlement? | the Caribbean's perfect climate for sugar plantations | 50 | |
| 2154219540 | 5) What happened to most of the indigenous people of the Caribbean? | their population was decimated by disease and conquest | 51 | |
| 2154219541 | 6) Why were African slaves brought to the Americas? | the spanish crown did away with the encomienda system | 52 | |
| 2154219542 | 1) If the Spanish conquests were not a unified movement, describe what they were. | they were a chance for the spanish to get their own land and wealth through conquest | 53 | |
| 2154219543 | Who led the conquest of South America? | Pizarro | 54 | |
| 2154219544 | 1) How were the men who accompanied the expeditions paid? | they were paid with what they pillaged | 55 | |
| 2154219545 | 2) What type of men went on these expeditions? | greedy men who care only for themselves | 56 | |
| 2154219546 | 3) What things aided the success of the conquerors? | disease, locals, and superior weaponry | 57 | |
| 2154219547 | Name three diseases which decimated the native population. | Syphilus, Measles, and Smallpox | 58 | |
| 2154219548 | 1) Describe the evolution of the encomienda system? | instead of amerindians working, african slaves were eventually brought over to work on the lands | 59 | |
| 2154219549 | 2) Why did the Spanish government want to end the encomienda system? | It was creating a new noble class | 60 | |
| 2154219550 | Describe how the wage labor system evolved | workers were given money for pay but had no rights, and eventually gained some rights | 61 | |
| 2154219551 | What was the economic activity which brought Latin America into the world economy? | Silver mining | 62 | |
| 2154219552 | 1) Name the two countries which were the principle suppliers of silver. | Peru and mexico | 63 | |
| 2154219553 | 2) Describe the evolution of labor for the silver mines. | at first laborers used picks to mine silver but eventually started using mercury | 64 | |
| 2154219554 | 3) What other metal was used in the mining of silver? | mercury | 65 | |
| 2154219555 | 4) How did the Spanish government make money off of silver mining? | they sold their silver for luxuries which could be traded | 66 | |
| 2154219556 | 1) While Latin America became more self-sufficient, what did the Americas still export to Spain? | Silver | 67 | |
| 2154219557 | 2) The textbook mentions a number of negative side effects to the influx of silver into Mexico. Describe at least four. | Spain started to decline, inflation in Spain, workers dying because of mercury exposure, employers losing money due to loss of workers | 68 | |
| 2154219558 | 1) On what basis did the Spanish and Portuguese rest their claims of conquest? | A treaty that split the world in half | 69 | |
| 2154219559 | How did the Spanish King help create loyalty among high church officials in the colonies? | gave money to build grand missions | 70 | |
| 2154219560 | What was the first export product from Brazil for the Portuguese? | Silver | 71 | |
| 2154219561 | 1) Define miscegenation | labor intensive work | 72 | |
| 2154219562 | 2) Because sugar cultivation was labor intensive, what did the Portuguese do? | bring slaves to work on the plantations | 73 | |
| 2154219563 | What were the three social classes on the Brazilian plantation? | landowner, natives, slaves | 74 | |
| 2154219564 | 1) Why were mixed background marriages/sexual relation so common on the frontier? | no one knew when they would next see a mate | 75 | |
| 2154219565 | 2) Describe the sociedad de castas | group of nomads who were native to south america | 76 | |
| 2154219566 | 3) What were "castas"? | people in the group | 77 | |
| 2154219567 | 4) What happened to the castas as a percentage of the population/ | it dropped as they were hit by diseases | 78 | |
| 2154219568 | 5) How did the feeling of superiority of peninsulares over Creoles contribute to independence movements in Latin America? | it left the Creoles with a feeling of pride that established rebellious attitudes among them. | 79 | |
| 2154219569 | 1) Describe at least three of the causes and signs of the weakening of the Spanish Empire | inflation, weak banking system, taxation problems, increase in trade, dependence on trade, death of their king | 80 | |
| 2154219570 | How did the death of Charles II weaken the Empire? | It left the empire with a decision of who was to be king | 81 | |
| 2154219571 | 1) Give at least two main ideas for reforms which Charles II instituted | encomienda system promotes the support of groups not needing support, bureaucracy will help Spain | 82 | |
| 2154219572 | 2) What was the main target of Jose de Galvez's reforms? | Workers | 83 | |
| 2154219573 | What were some of the long run negative effects of the reforms? | wages for the workers were constant but cut off all money when they were fired | 84 | |
| 2154219574 | Describe at least three of the reform policies instituted by Pombal. | workers families' should be reimbursed upon their deaths, workers aren't slaves and have rights, wages can't be cut off immediately | 85 | |
| 2154219575 | 1) What caused much of the revolutionary atmosphere in the 18th century? | the tendencies of power shifts | 86 | |
| 2154219576 | 2) In what ways did the economic prosperity contribute to the revolutionary feelings? | it inspired feelings of power | 87 | |
| 2154219577 | 1)Why did Rio de Janeiro become the capital of Brazil? | It was close to the sugar mines | 88 | |
| 2154219578 | 2)How did competition damage the economic position of Brazil? | Brazil needed trade for silver and others didn't | 89 | |
| 2154219579 | 3)Upon what did the social hierarchy in America develop? | heritage and importance | 90 | |
| 2154219580 | 4)Which Spanish dynasty tried to institute reforms in the American colonies during the 1700s? | Charles' dynasty | 91 | |
| 2154219581 | 5)What were the American colonies of Spain and Portugal experiencing by the mid 1700s? | a great increase in power due to increase in silver trade | 92 | |
| 2154219582 | 6)Who was the leader of the Indian revolution in Peru in 1781? | Tupac | 93 | |
| 2154219583 | 7)Why were the colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule unsuccessful? | they were supplied by weak "armies" | 94 | |
| 2154219584 | 8)What were encomiendas? | lands that natives had to work on to stay on due to conquerors need for agriculture | 95 | |
| 2154219585 | 9)What did the Treaty of Tordesilles do? | split the world through the west pacific | 96 | |
| 2154219586 | 10)What group made up the majority of the government administration in the Spanish colonies? | Creoles | 97 | |
| 2154219587 | 11)Which colony was the first major plantation zone in the Americas? | Mexico | 98 | |
| 2154219588 | 12)What are the differences between the location of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies? | most of the spanish colonies are in the americas while the portuguese colonies are widespread | 99 | |
| 2154219589 | 13)Which Spanish conqueror led the conquest of Mexico? | Cortez | 100 | |
| 2154219590 | 14)As land freed up due to the death of Amerindians, what did the Europeans bring to fill up the land? | bring slaves in | 101 | |
| 2154219591 | 15)Why did the Spanish crown discontinue the encomienda system? | It was creating a new noble class | 102 | |
| 2154219592 | 16)Even though the majority of people were involved in agriculture, what was the most profitable of their enterprises? | sugar | 103 | |
| 2154219593 | 17)What was a vital component in the mining of silver? | supply of workers | 104 | |
| 2154219594 | 18)What did the influx of silver into Spain cause? | inflation | 105 | |
| 2154219595 | 19)What provided the model for other Spanish colonies throughout the Americas? | Peru | 106 | |
| 2154219596 | 20)List four of the characteristics of Iberian culture. | oppressive, christian, church and state, bureaucratic | 107 |
