Terms : Hide Images
| 215070517 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E. | 0 | |
| 215070518 | Qin dynasty | established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 215070519 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E.; ruled for the next 400 years | 2 | |
| 215070520 | dynasty | a family of kings | 3 | |
| 215070521 | Zhou | originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 B.C.E. | 4 | |
| 215070522 | Confucius | also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese pilosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi | 5 | |
| 215070523 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi | 6 | |
| 215070524 | Silk Road | a network of roads through central Asia known collectively as this | 7 | |
| 215070525 | Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age | the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 8 | |
| 215070526 | Neolithic (New Stone) Age | the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 9 | |
| 215070527 | Neolithic revolution | the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E. | 10 | |
| 215070528 | hunting and gathering | the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries | 11 | |
| 215070529 | Bronze Age | from about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it | 12 | |
| 215070530 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 13 | |
| 215070531 | slash and burn agriculture | a system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire then planted | 14 | |
| 215070532 | band | a level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis | 15 | |
| 215070533 | Çatal Hüyük | early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification | 16 | |
| 215070534 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 17 | |
| 215070535 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 18 | |
| 215070536 | nomads | cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 19 | |
| 215070537 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 20 | |
| 215070538 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states | 21 | |
| 215070539 | ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 22 | |
| 215070540 | city-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 23 | |
| 215070541 | Babylonian Empire | unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | 24 | |
| 215070542 | Hammurabi | (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.) the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 25 | |
| 215070543 | pharaoh | title of kings of ancient Egypt | 26 | |
| 215070544 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 27 | |
| 215070545 | Kush | an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 28 | |
| 215070546 | Indus River valley | river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization | 29 | |
| 215070547 | Harappa | along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 30 | |
| 215070548 | Mohenjo Daro | along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 31 | |
| 215070549 | Yellow River | also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in china | 32 | |
| 215070550 | Shang | first Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 33 | |
| 215070551 | oracles | shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 34 | |
| 215070552 | ideographs | pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 35 | |
| 215070553 | Chichimecs | people regarded barbarous by the Mexicans; literally means "sons of the dog" | 36 | |
| 215070554 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 37 | |
| 215070555 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization | 38 | |
| 215070556 | Buddha | creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under botree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things | 39 | |
| 215118793 | Alexander the Great | successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 40 | |
| 215118794 | Himalayas | mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics | 41 | |
| 215118795 | monsoons | seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains | 42 | |
| 215118796 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society | 43 | |
| 215118797 | Sanskrit | the sacred and classical Indian language | 44 | |
| 215118798 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 45 | |
| 215118799 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form | 46 | |
| 215118800 | Ramayana | one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces of adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | 47 | |
| 215118801 | Upanishads | Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority | 48 | |
| 215118802 | varnas | clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes- Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas | 49 | |
| 215118803 | untouchables | law social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting-street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning | 50 | |
| 215118804 | Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior | 51 | |
| 215118805 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization | 52 | |
| 215118806 | Mauryan | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great | 53 | |
| 215118807 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire | 54 | |
| 215118808 | dharma | the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life | 55 | |
| 215118809 | Kushans | those that lived in the African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 56 | |
| 215118810 | Guptas | dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire | 57 | |
| 215118811 | Kautilya | political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare | 58 | |
| 215118812 | gurus | originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas | 59 | |
| 215118813 | Shiva | Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change | 60 | |
| 215118814 | Vishnu | the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped | 61 | |
| 215118815 | reincarnation | the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives | 62 | |
| 215118816 | nirvana | the Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility | 63 | |
| 215118817 | Kamasutra | written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking | 64 | |
| 215118818 | stupas | stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms | 65 | |
| 215118819 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China | 66 | |
| 215118820 | Cyrus the Great | established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires | 67 | |
| 215118821 | Zoroastrianism | animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian empire | 68 | |
| 215118822 | Olympic Games | one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by al Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 69 | |
| 215118823 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War | 70 | |
| 215118824 | Peloponnesian Wars | wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 71 | |
| 215118825 | Philip II | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 72 | |
| 215118826 | Hellenistic period | that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 73 | |
| 215118827 | Alexandra, Egypt | one of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies | 74 | |
| 215118828 | Roman republic | the balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 75 | |
| 215118829 | Punic Wars | fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts | 76 | |
| 215118830 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean | 77 | |
| 215118831 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 78 | |
| 215118832 | Caesar, Julius | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators | 79 | |
| 215118833 | Augustus Caesar | name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome | 80 | |
| 215118834 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection | 81 | |
| 215118835 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually | 82 | |
| 215118836 | polis | city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 83 | |
| 215118837 | direct democracy | where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives | 84 | |
| 215118838 | Senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution | 85 | |
| 215118839 | consuls | two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 86 | |
| 215118840 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 87 | |
| 215118841 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 88 | |
| 215118842 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 89 | |
| 215118843 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 90 | |
| 215118844 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 91 | |
| 215118845 | Iliad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos | 92 | |
| 215118846 | Odyssey | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos | 93 | |
| 215118847 | Doric | along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles | 94 | |
| 215118848 | Ionic | along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian | 95 | |
| 215118849 | Corinthian | along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles | 96 | |
| 215184049 | Axum | kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity | 97 | |
| 215184050 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 98 | |
| 215184051 | Sahara | desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa | 99 | |
| 215184052 | Shinto | religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and sprits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits | 100 | |
| 215184053 | Olmec culture | cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems | 101 | |
| 215184054 | Teotihuacan | site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000 | 102 | |
| 215184055 | Maya | classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion | 103 | |
| 215184056 | Inca | group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire | 104 | |
| 215184057 | Polynesia | islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island | 105 | |
| 215184058 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E. in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic | 106 | |
| 215184059 | Sui | dynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China | 107 | |
| 215184060 | Tang | dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E.; more stable that previous dynasty | 108 | |
| 215184061 | Rajput | regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions | 109 | |
| 215184062 | Devi | Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of the Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual | 110 | |
| 215184063 | Islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 111 | |
| 215184064 | Allah | supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 112 | |
| 215184065 | Byzantine Empire | eastern half of Roman empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople | 113 | |
| 215184066 | Justinian | early Byzantine emperor, responsible for major building in Constantinople and a codification of Roman law; his efforts to recapture some additional previously Roman territory ended in failure | 114 | |
| 215184067 | Augustine (Saint) | influential church father and theologian (354-430 C.E.); born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination | 115 | |
| 215184068 | Coptic | Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover | 116 | |
| 215184069 | bodhisattvas | Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness | 117 | |
| 215184070 | Mahayana | Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior | 118 | |
| 215184071 | Jesus of Nazareth | prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E. | 119 | |
| 215184072 | Paul | one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church | 120 | |
| 215184073 | pope | bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe | 121 | |
| 215184074 | Benedict of Nursia | founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire | 122 | |
| 215184075 | animism | a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions | 123 |
