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| 331228564 | Tousssaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to tcreation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 0 | |
| 331228565 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, captured and executed | 1 | |
| 331228566 | Augustin de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; proclaimed emperor of Mexico until 1824 | 2 | |
| 331228567 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador btw 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 3 | |
| 331228568 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations | 4 | |
| 331228569 | Jose de San Martin | A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America; later collaborating with Simon Peru Bolivar in the liberation of Peru | 5 | |
| 331228570 | Joao VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of gov in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula | 6 | |
| 331228571 | Pedro I | Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil | 7 | |
| 331228572 | Andres Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia btw 1829 and 1839 | 8 | |
| 331228573 | caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national gov to impose their concept of rule | 9 | |
| 331228574 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national gov with broad powers | 10 | |
| 331228575 | federalists | Latin American politions who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional gov rather than centralized gov | 11 | |
| 331228576 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos | 12 | |
| 331228577 | General Antonio Lopez de santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 at caudillo | 13 | |
| 331228578 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the U.S | 14 | |
| 331228579 | guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizers; exported from Peru as a major item of trade btw 1850 and 1880; income from trade ended American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery | 15 | |
| 331228580 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society | 16 | |
| 331228581 | Auguste Comte | French philosopher; founder of positivism | 17 | |
| 331228582 | manifest destiny | Belief of the gov of the US that it was destined to rule continent from coast to coast | 18 | |
| 331228583 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended Mexican-American War | 19 | |
| 331228584 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the US from 1846 to 1848; loss of about one-half of Mexico's territories | 20 | |
| 331228585 | Benito Juarez | Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna | 21 | |
| 331228586 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna | 22 | |
| 331228587 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862 | 23 | |
| 331228588 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise btw centralists and federalists | 24 | |
| 331228589 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic from 1868 to 1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transport | 25 | |
| 331228590 | fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil btw 1840 and 1860; major commodity for Brazil; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil | 26 | |
| 331228591 | cientificos | Advisors of gov of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas | 27 | |
| 331228592 | Spanish-American War | Fought btw Spain and the US beginning 1898; American intervention in Caribbean | 28 | |
| 331228593 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; provided short route btw Atlantic and Pacific oceans | 29 |
