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| 331286794 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 0 | |
| 331286796 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807 aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy | 1 | |
| 331286798 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army | 2 | |
| 331286801 | Tanzimat reforms | Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire btw 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms | 3 | |
| 331286802 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties | 4 | |
| 331286804 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks" | 5 | |
| 331286806 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat | 6 | |
| 331286809 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms | 7 | |
| 331286811 | khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by coup in 1952 | 8 | |
| 331286813 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus, Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment | 9 | |
| 331286815 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology | 10 | |
| 331286817 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim think at end of 19th; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 11 | |
| 331286819 | Ahmad Arabi | Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British for support | 12 | |
| 331286820 | Khartoum | River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan | 13 | |
| 331286821 | Muhammad Ahmad | Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883 | 14 | |
| 331286822 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in Sudan | 15 | |
| 331286823 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 | 16 | |
| 331286824 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria | 17 | |
| 331286825 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty | 18 | |
| 331286826 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south | 19 | |
| 331286827 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | 20 | |
| 331286828 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast | 21 | |
| 331286829 | Opium War | Fought btw the British and Qing beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade | 22 | |
| 331286830 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium | 23 | |
| 331286831 | Taiping Rebellion | 1850s to 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | 24 | |
| 331286832 | Hong Xiuquan | Leader of Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucain teachings of Chinese elite | 25 | |
| 331286833 | Zeng Guofan | Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China | 26 | |
| 331286834 | self-strengthening movement | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | 27 | |
| 331286835 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty | 28 | |
| 331286836 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of China enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 29 | |
| 331286837 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing; briefly electeed president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China in 1919; died 1925 | 30 | |
| 331286838 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 31 |
