Terms : Hide Images
| 35312315 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 0 | |
| 35312316 | Mecca | a prosperous trading city/ where Muhammad was born | 1 | |
| 35312317 | Ummayad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of islam | 2 | |
| 35312318 | Quraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled mecca in the 7th century | 3 | |
| 35312319 | Ka'ba | one of the most revered religous shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia | 4 | |
| 35312320 | Medina | Formally known as Yathrib. Muhammad made the city him base in order to fight against invators from Mecca. | 5 | |
| 35312321 | Muhammad | prophet of Islam;; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and therafter; died in 632 | 6 | |
| 35312322 | Khadijah | widow of a wealthy merchant; Muhammad worked for her and later married her | 7 | |
| 35312323 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 8 | |
| 35312324 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 9 | |
| 35312325 | Ramadan | month in which muslims fast | 10 | |
| 35312326 | five pillars | beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage | 11 | |
| 35312327 | hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca | 12 | |
| 35312328 | caliph | the title of the successor to Muhammad | 13 | |
| 35312329 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 14 | |
| 35312330 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 15 | |
| 35312331 | jihads | holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Muslim faith | 16 | |
| 35312332 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 17 | |
| 35312333 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 18 | |
| 35312334 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 19 | |
| 35312335 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 20 | |
| 35312336 | Sunnis | Muslims that believe the caliph doesn't have to be related to Muhammad and should be chosen by the leaders of the Islamic community | 21 | |
| 35312337 | Mu'awiya | caliph of Umayyad Dynasty, 661-680 | 22 | |
| 35312338 | Shi'a | supporters of Ali | 23 | |
| 35312339 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 24 | |
| 35312340 | Damascus | The Umayyads moved the capital to ____, which was centrally located in the expanding Islamic state | 25 | |
| 35312341 | mawali | Muslim converts | 26 | |
| 35312342 | jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 27 | |
| 35312343 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 28 | |
| 35312344 | hadiths | traditions of the prophet | 29 | |
| 35312345 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 30 | |
| 35312346 | Baghdad | capital of the Abbasid Empire | 31 | |
| 35312347 | wazir | chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils | 32 | |
| 35312348 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 33 | |
| 35312349 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 34 | |
| 35312350 | bedouin | nomadic | 35 | |
| 35413194 | Islamic | adjective | 36 | |
| 35413195 | Islam | submission to God | 37 | |
| 35413196 | Muslim | follower | 38 | |
| 35413197 | Arab | ethnic group | 39 | |
| 35413198 | diaspora | moving a population out of an area | 40 | |
| 35413199 | Shiite | believes caliphs should be related to Muhammad | 41 |
