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| 250306997 | Li Shimin | First emperor of Tang dynasty, ruled 627-649. Li family took over during Sui disorder in 618. Retained Sui governing practices, but allowed local nobles, gentry, officials, and religious establishments to retain power to avoid overcentralization. | 0 | |
| 250306998 | Tang Empire | Began with Li Shimin; allowed local nobles/officials to retain power; nobility and emperors descended from Turkic elites in north. Used classic Confucian texts to examine for govt. posts, like Sui. Mahayana Buddhism; capitol Chang'an. | 1 | |
| 250306999 | Grand Canal | 1,100 mile(1771 km) canal linking Yellow River to Yanzi, built by Sui. Didn't reach capitol Chang'an, but key in transportation network of roads and water transport. | 2 | |
| 250307000 | tributary system | from Han times where independent countries acknowledge Chinese supremacy. Tributary state sent regular tribute to capitol Chang'an . Embassies may use to enter Chinese trade system. | 3 | |
| 250307001 | bubonic plague | "plague of Justinian" brought to Canton and south China via sea route (Red Sea/Persian Gulf) in early 600s. Plague endemic in rodents, lingered longer then went to Korea, Japan & Tibet w/ diplomatic ties | 4 | |
| 250307002 | Uighurs | Turkic group took over Inner Asia and built caravan cities Kashgar and Khotan. Were merchants and scribes for businesses in many languages; adapted Sogdian script to Turkic writing. Mixed Buddhism, north India religious art, East Asian & Islamic dress. Collapsed after half a century. | 5 | |
| 250307003 | Tibet | Where China, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Central Asia meet. Chinese Buddhists pilgramaged through to India = alphabet derived from India + art. Indian/Chinese math, astronomy, divination, farming. Greek medicine, Islam + monarchical Iran. Tang princess Kongjo married for alliance, brought Mahayana Buddhism which morphed to Tibetian Buddhism. Good at war. Tried but monastery-destruction plan backfired. | 6 | |
| 250307004 | Wu Zhao | Only female emperor of China. Based claim to throne on being a Bodhisattva, and favored Buddhists and Daoists in her govt. Accused of gruesome murders, etc. ruled until old age incapacitated her. | 7 | |
| 250307005 | Song Empire | Chinese-speaking in central China in 960. Confucianism; cut off from farther inland so had sea connections. Tired of being a tributary state to Liao, they allied with fellow tributary Jurchens to overthrow Liao. Jurchens became Jin and demanded tributes from them. | 8 | |
| 250307006 | junk | China's main ocean vessel. Improved during Song with rudder for steering + water-tight bulkheads. Improvements then copied by Persian Gulf ships. | 9 | |
| 250307007 | gunpowder | Song creation to propel clusters of flaming arrows. Used shells against Jurchens in 1100's, but had no major impact because short range meant it was only used for defense. | 10 | |
| 250307008 | neo-Confucianism | Song+later versions of Confucian thought. As Zhu Xi said, human nature is moral, rational and essentially good; re-emphasis on individual moral and social responsibility. Ideal was sage. | 11 | |
| 250307009 | Zen Buddhism | Chan Buddhism in China, derived from Tang practices from India/Tibet. Son Buddhism in Korea. | 12 | |
| 250307010 | movable type | allowed cheaper printing of informational books and test materials. Meant the govt. could promote it's goals through mass production. Movable type may have originated in Korea | 13 | |
| 250307011 | Koryo | Became modern Korea. United the peninsula after Silla fell. Amicable with Song; supported Buddhism; used woodblock printing then created moveable type with metal or porcelain. | 14 | |
| 250307012 | Fujiwara | Japanese family of priests, bureaucrats, and warriors that controlled power and protected the emperor. Favored Confucian scholars over warriors. Gave local power to warriors, who then overthrew nobles. | 15 | |
| 250307013 | Kamakura shogunate | First of three decentralized military govts. In eastern Honshu. These new warlords led to decline of Fujiwara. | 16 | |
| 250307014 | Champa rice | originally from India. A fast-maturing rice that Chinese farmers used to improve yields; brought to China via tribute when _________ was a voluntary tributary state to Song. | 17 |
