Terms : Hide Images
| 8116540621 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. | 0 | |
| 8116540622 | gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls. | 1 | |
| 8116540623 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. | 2 | |
| 8116540624 | Manorialism | System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land. | 3 | |
| 8116540625 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. | 4 | |
| 8116540626 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 5 | |
| 8116540627 | Three-field system | One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility. | 6 | |
| 8116540628 | Clovis | : King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 7 | |
| 8116540629 | Carolingians | Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries | 8 | |
| 8116540630 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. | 9 | |
| 8116540631 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 10 | |
| 8116540632 | Holy Roman emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 11 | |
| 8116540633 | Feudalism | Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service | 12 | |
| 8116540634 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 13 | |
| 8116540635 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy | 14 | |
| 8116540636 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 15 | |
| 8116540637 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | 16 | |
| 8116540638 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals | 17 | |
| 8116540639 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France (1337-1453). | 18 | |
| 8116540640 | Pope Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 19 | |
| 8116540641 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church | 20 | |
| 8116540642 | Gregory VII | 11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops | 21 | |
| 8116540643 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 22 | |
| 8116540644 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities | 23 | |
| 8116540645 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God. | 24 | |
| 8116540646 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems | 25 | |
| 8116540647 | Troubadours | Poets in 14th-century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in the Western tradition | 26 | |
| 8116540648 | Hanseatic League | An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 27 | |
| 8116540649 | Guilds | Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities | 28 | |
| 8116540650 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 29 | |
| 8116540651 | Roman Catholic church | Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope. | 30 | |
| 8116540652 | Pope | Meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church | 31 | |
| 8116540653 | Franks | One of the principal tribes of the Germanic peoples; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries. | 32 | |
| 8116540654 | Benedict of Nursia | (480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings. | 33 | |
| 8116540655 | Three estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. | 34 | |
| 8116540656 | Ferdinand and Isabella | King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims | 35 | |
| 8116540657 | Reconquista | Ferdinand and Isabella's attempt to drive the Muslims out of Spain. | 36 | |
| 8116540658 | First Crusade | (1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem | 37 | |
| 8116540659 | Third Crusade | (1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt | 38 | |
| 8116540660 | Fourth Crusade | (1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople | 39 | |
| 8116540661 | Francis of Assisi | (1181 - 1226) Son of wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty; later founded the Holy Order of St. Francis | 40 | |
| 8116540662 | Investiture | A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols | 41 | |
| 8116540663 | Augustine of Hippo | (354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church | 42 | |
| 8116540664 | Roger Bacon | (1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | 43 | |
| 8116540665 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury | 44 | |
| 8116540666 | Romanesque | Architectural style which was an adaptation of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form | 45 | |
| 8116540667 | Beowulf | Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf | 46 | |
| 8116540668 | Chivalry | Medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak | 47 |
