Terms : Hide Images
| 5622204452 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. | 0 | |
| 5622204453 | gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls. | 1 | |
| 5622204454 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. | 2 | |
| 5622204455 | Manorialism | System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land. | 3 | |
| 5622204456 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. | 4 | |
| 5622204457 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 5 | |
| 5622204481 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 6 | |
| 5622204464 | Feudalism | Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service | 7 | |
| 5622204465 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 8 | |
| 5622204459 | Clovis | : King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 9 | |
| 5622204485 | Benedict of Nursia | (480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings. | 10 | |
| 5622204460 | Carolingians | Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries | 11 | |
| 5622204461 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. | 12 | |
| 5622204462 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 13 | |
| 5622204463 | Holy Roman emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 14 | |
| 5622204489 | First Crusade | (1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem | 15 | |
| 5622204458 | Three-field system | One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility. | 16 | |
| 5622204486 | Three estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. | 17 | |
| 5622204467 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 18 | |
| 5622248872 | investiture | the action of formally investing a person with honors or rank | 19 | |
| 5622204470 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France (1337-1453). | 20 | |
| 5622204471 | Pope Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 21 | |
| 5622255844 | cluny | is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, in eastern France. It is 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mâcon. | 22 | |
| 5622204473 | Gregory VII | 11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops | 23 | |
| 5622204474 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 24 | |
| 5622204475 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities | 25 | |
| 5622204476 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God. | 26 | |
| 5622204480 | Guilds | Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities | 27 | |
| 5622204477 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems | 28 | |
| 5622204479 | Hanseatic League | An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 29 | |
| 5622204468 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | 30 | |
| 5622204469 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals | 31 |
