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| 6574010423 | lateen | triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship | 0 | |
| 6574010424 | al-Madhi | Third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem. | 1 | |
| 6574015161 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights. | 2 | |
| 6574018387 | The Thousand and One Nights | 3 | ||
| 6574018388 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads. | 4 | |
| 6574020393 | sultan | Word meaning "victorious"; came to designate Muslim rulers. | 5 | |
| 6574022239 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunni; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids. | 6 | |
| 6574022240 | Crusades | Invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291. | 7 | |
| 6574024095 | Saladin | 12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. | 8 | |
| 6574024096 | Ibn Khaldun | Great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history. | 9 | |
| 6574026511 | Rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine. | 10 | |
| 6574028545 | Omar Khayyam | 11 | ||
| 6574030806 | Shah-Nama | Epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests. | 12 | |
| 6574030807 | ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking. | 13 | |
| 6574032246 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions. | 14 | |
| 6574032247 | Sufism | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions. | 15 | |
| 6574033514 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph. | 16 | |
| 6574033515 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world. | 17 | |
| 6574034997 | Hulegu | (1217 - 1265) Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257. | 18 | |
| 6574038461 | Mamluks | Turkic slave-warriors who ruled Egypt and defeated the Mongols to prevent their entry into northern Africa. | 19 | |
| 6574038462 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire. | 20 | |
| 6574040697 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of a dynasty in Afghanistan; invaded northern India during the 11th century. | 21 | |
| 6574042909 | Muhammad of Ghur | Persian ruler of a small kingdom in Afghanistan; invaded and conquered much of northern India. | 22 | |
| 6574044887 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi. | 23 | |
| 6574047299 | bhaktic cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali. | 24 | |
| 6574049333 | Mira Bai | Low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults. | 25 | |
| 6574050999 | Kabir | 15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam. | 26 | |
| 6574051000 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. | 27 | |
| 6574053605 | Malacca | Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. | 28 | |
| 6574053606 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions. | 29 |
