Terms : Hide Images
| 12061713950 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church is the sixteenth century; thanks specially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability |  | 0 |
| 12061713951 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reasons |  | 1 |
| 12061713952 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos |  | 2 |
| 12061713953 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lesson of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the relief that knowledge could transform human society |  | 3 |
| 12061713954 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success |  | 4 |
| 12061713955 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence", Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents |  | 5 |
| 12061713956 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down barriers of caste and tradition |  | 6 |
| 12061713957 | Issac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution |  | 7 |
| 12061713958 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" |  | 8 |
| 12061713959 | Sikhism | religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca 1500; combines elements of Hinduism ans Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women |  | 9 |
| 12061713960 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560a whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean olden age |  | 10 |
| 12061713961 | Ursula de Jesus | Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good work gaining reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic |  | 11 |
| 12061713962 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion |  | 12 |
| 12061713963 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al- Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law |  | 13 |
| 12061713964 | bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry,and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine |  | 14 |
| 12061713965 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563),at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses |  | 15 |
| 12061713966 | Charles Darwin | highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth |  | 16 |
| 12061713967 | deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs |  | 17 |
| 12061713968 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion |  | 18 |
| 12061713969 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today |  | 19 |
| 12061713970 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church |  | 20 |
| 12061713971 | huacas | local gods of the Andes |  | 21 |
| 12061713972 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France |  | 22 |
| 12061713973 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe |  | 23 |
| 12061713974 | Guru Nanak | founder of the Sikhism |  | 24 |
| 12061713975 | Ninety-five Theses | List if ninety-five debating points about the abuse of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of the church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity |  | 25 |
| 12061713976 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 tp 1610 |  | 26 |
| 12061713977 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method |  | 27 |
| 12061713978 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits", this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe |  | 28 |
| 12061713979 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648) |  | 29 |
| 12061713980 | Wang Yangmin | Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that is was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism |  | 30 |
