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| 8840632555 | Bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine. | 0 | |
| 8840637233 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. | 1 | |
| 8840643809 | Condorcet and the Idea of Progress | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason. | 2 | |
| 8840649584 | Copernicus, Nicolaus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. | 3 | |
| 8840653544 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. | 4 | |
| 8840657398 | Darwin, Charles | Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth. | 5 | |
| 8840661303 | Deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs. | 6 | |
| 8840663244 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the the French Wars of Religion | 7 | |
| 8840665787 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. | 8 | |
| 8840671179 | Freud, Sigmund | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today | 9 | |
| 8840674495 | Galilei, Galileo | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church. | 10 | |
| 8840677262 | Huacas | Local gods of the Andes | 11 | |
| 8840678356 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France | 12 | |
| 8840679550 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success | 13 | |
| 8840700145 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents | 14 | |
| 8840709005 | Luther, Martin | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe | 15 | |
| 8840714820 | Marx, Karl | German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism | 16 | |
| 8840718847 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition | 17 | |
| 8840720539 | Nanak, Guru | The founder of Sikhism (1469-1539) | 18 | |
| 8840729638 | Newton, Isaac | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution | 19 | |
| 8840737872 | Ninety-five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity | 20 | |
| 8840749854 | Protestant Revolution | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" | 21 | |
| 8840757494 | Ricci, Matteo | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610 | 22 | |
| 8840764632 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method | 23 | |
| 8840766445 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. | 24 | |
| 8840771814 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon began a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe | 25 | |
| 8840788690 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560's whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age | 26 | |
| 8840794159 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) | 27 | |
| 8840812481 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion | 28 | |
| 8840815785 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia | 29 | |
| 8840819194 | Wang Yangmin | Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism | 30 |
