5702581628 | City of Constantine | Moved to Constantinople after 330CE City kept the name until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, who remained it Istanbul | 0 | |
5702581629 | Caesaropapism | - As a Christian, Constantine couldn't claim divine status like other Roman rulers - Initiated policy where the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in church related affairs | 1 | |
5702581630 | Justinian and Theodora | - Most important early Byzantine emperor was Justinian (reigned 527-565CE), who ruled with aid of wife, Theodora - Came from obscure origins - Like Constantine, lavished resources on imperial capital - Most notable construction project was church of Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), later would be turned into a mosque by Ottoman conquerors | 2 | |
5702581631 | Justinian's Code | - Codification of Roman law - Ordered a systematic review of Roman law and issued the Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law) - Influenced civil law cods in most of Europe, Japan | 3 | |
5702581632 | Byzantine Conquests | - Most ambitious venture was effort to reconquer western Roman empire from Germanic people and reestablish Roman authority - 533-565, Byzantine forces gained control over Italy, Sicily, much of northwestern Africa, and southern Spain - Did not possess resources to sustain long term occupation - Shortly have he died, forces abandoned Rome | 4 | |
5702581633 | Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival | - While emperor devoted efforts to western Mediterranean, Sassanids threatened Byzantium from the east and the Slavic peoples approached from the north | 5 | |
5702581634 | Muslim Conquests | - By mid 7th century, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa was under Muslim rule - Muslim forces later subjected Constantinople to two sieges - Resisted due to military technology - "Greek fire," launched at fleets and ground forces of invaders - Byzantine empire retained hold on Anatolia, Greece, and Balkan region | 6 | |
5702581635 | The Theme System | - Placed an imperial province called a theme under authority of a general, who assumed responsibility for both military defence and civil administration - Received appointments from emperor, who closely monitored activities to prevent decentralisation of power and authority - Generals recruited armies from peasants, received land - Effective fighting force, enabled Byzantium to expand influence between 9-12th centuries - By mid 11th century, Byzantium dominated eastern Mediterranean region | 7 | |
5702581636 | Rise of Franks | - 476CE, Germanic general Odoacer deposed last of western Roman emperors - Did not make himself emperor and did not appoint anyone - Most successful Germans - 8th century, aristocratic clan of the Carolingians extended Frankish power - Founder Charles Martel - 732 battle of Tours | 8 | |
5702581637 | Charlemagne | - Reached high point under Martel's grandson Charlemagne - Built capital at Aachen - Didn't have a lot of money so relied on counts - Began to make centralised institutions | 9 | |
5702581638 | Charlemagne as Emperor | - Only in year 800 did he claim title of emperor - During service at church, pop proclaimed him emperor - Before didn't want the title because did not want to directly challenge Byzantine emperors | 10 | |
5702581639 | Age of the Vikings | Internal disunity and external invasions brought the Carolingian empire to an early end | 11 | |
5702581640 | Louis the Pious | - Only surviving son, succeeded father and held empire together - Three son's disputed on the inheritance of the empire and waged wars against each other - In 843, divided empire into three portions - Thus less than a century after its creation, the Carolingian empire dissolved | 12 | |
5702581641 | Invasions | = Muslims from the south, = Magyars (descendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary) from the east, and from the north came the vikings (most feared of all invaders) - Viking invasions were part of a much larger process of expansion by the Nordic peoples of Scandinavia | 13 | |
5702581642 | Vikings | - Many norse seafarers were merchants or migrants - Some turned maritime skills more toward raiding and plundering than trading or raising crops - These were the vikings | 14 | |
5702581643 | Devolution of Political Authority | - Because imperial authorities couldn't defend their territories, Carolingian empire became chief casualty of the invasions - Became society of competing regional states | 15 | |
5702581644 | The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Peasantry | - Strongest when large class of free peasants flourished - After the theme system when soldiers got allotment of land, the large and prosperous class of free servants cultivated their lands intensively to improve the families fortune - This went into a gradual decline after the 11th century as wealthy cultivators started to accumulate large estate - During its time though, the free peasantry provided agricultural surpluses | 16 | |
5702581645 | Manufacturing | - Agricultural surplus supported manufacturing in cities, especially Constantinople - Byzantine crafts workers had a reputation for their glassware, linen and woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine work in gold and silver | 17 | |
5702581646 | Silk | - 6th century, started making high quality silk textiles - Soon made major contributions to Byzantine economy - So important that government regulated it very closely and only allowed individuals to participate in only one activity (weaving, dying, etc) to prevent the creation of a monopoly by a few wealthy people | 18 | |
5702581647 | Byzantine Trade | - Economy benefited from trade - Drew wealth by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through its lands - Byzantium also served as the western anchor of the Eurasian trading network, revived silk roads of classical times - Silk and porcelain from China - Spices from India and southeast Asia - Carpets from Persian - Woolen textiles from western Europe - Timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves form Russia and Scandinavia | 19 | |
5702581648 | Western Europe: Heavy Plow | - New kind of heavy plow that replaced the light plows - With this, they cleared new lands for cultivation - Constructed water mills and employed a special horse collar - Increased cultivation of beans, enriched diets western Christendom - Western Europeans made many small adaptations that created foundation for rural prosperity in 1000CE | 20 | |
5702581649 | Byzantium: An Urban Society | - Alexandria, Antioch, and Damascus (great cities) - Constantinople still the heart of empire - Aristocrats maintained enormous palaces - Upper class women generally wore veils in cities - Dwellings of less privileged classes were not so splendid | 21 | |
5702581650 | Attractions of Constantinople | - Even for the poor, Constantinople had its attractions - City of baths - Taverns and restaurants offered settings for social gatherings - Theatres= entertainment - Mass entertainment took place in the Hippodrome | 22 | |
5702581651 | Western Europe: A Rural Society | Didn't have such a nice setting | 23 | |
5702581652 | Population | - 5th-6th century, epidemic disease and political turmoil took toll on both Byzantium and western Europe - After 8th century both entered an era of demographic recovery - By 1000CE, both had built productive agricultural economies that sustained sizable and increasing populations | 24 | |
5702581653 | Evolution of Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe | - Heirs of Roman empires, were Christian societies - Similar in some ways (check other document) - Differed in doctrines, rituals and church authority | 25 | |
5702581654 | Popes and Patriarch | - Bishop/Pope of Rome - Patriarch of Constantinople | 26 | |
5702581655 | Pope Gregory I | Also known as Gregory the Great, most responsible for charting independent course for Roman church - Penance importance | 27 | |
5702581656 | The Patriarchs | - Patriarchs were powerful officials, but didn't enjoy independence like the west - Byzantine emperors treated church as a department of state - Appointed the patriarchs and instructed them to deliver sermons that supported imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities - Caused tensions | 28 | |
5702581657 | Iconoclasm | - Emperor Leo III - Byzantine had long tradition of producing icons - Leo, became convinced that the veneration of images were sinful - In 726 made iconoclasm policy and destroyed religious images, prohibiting use in church - Spark protests and riots - Only 843 did Leo's followers abandon the policy of iconoclasm | 29 | |
5702581658 | St. Basil and St. Benedict | - St. Basil in Byzantium (330-380 around about) - St. Benedict in Italy (480-550 around about) - Provided regulations that had mild asceticism combined with meditation and work on behalf of church - Poverty, chastity, and obedience became prime virtues for Basilian and Benedictine monks | 30 | |
5702581659 | St. Scholastica | - Monasteries in Byzantium adopted Basilian rule while counterparts in western Europe largely followed St. Benedict - Through influence of St. Benedict's sister, an adaptation of Benedictine rule soon provided guidance for religious life of women in convents | 31 | |
5702581660 | Monasticism and Society | = Christian monasteries provided social services that built close relations with local communities - Because of various roles played in larger society, monasteries were very effective agents in the spread of Christianity | 32 | |
5702581661 | Missionaries | - Late 6th century, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England and targeted the Pagan Germanic kings - 8th England, in Roman church - Byzantine sent missionaries to Balkan and Slavic lands - Most famous missionaries to Slavs were Saints Cyril and Methodius - Devised alphabet called Cyrillic alphabet, for previously illiterate Slavic peoples - In Russia and most other parts of former Soviet Union, Cyrillic alphabet still survives - 989, Russians officially converted to Christianity - Spread of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia grew | 33 | |
5702581662 | Two Churches | - The had the same basic Christian doctrine, churches experienced increasing friction after 6th century - Mirrored political strains, as Byzantium was angry that Charlemagne accepted title of emperor - Iconoclastic movement in 8th-9th century was one focus of difference (western theologians thought it was okay) | 34 | |
5702581663 | Schism | - Patriarchs argued for autonomy of all major Christian jurisdictions, including Constantinople, while popes asserted primacy of Rome as sole seat of authority for all Christendom - In 1054 the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other - Schism between eastern and western churches still here today | 35 |
AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards
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