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| 5917240750 | Absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies. | 0 | |
| 5917240751 | Adam Smith | (Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed | 1 | |
| 5917240752 | Anglican | relating to the Church of England | 2 | |
| 5917240753 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 3 | |
| 5917240754 | Catholic Reformation | a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation | 4 | |
| 5917240755 | Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 5 | |
| 5917240756 | Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | 6 | |
| 5917240757 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. | 7 | |
| 5917240758 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 8 | |
| 5917240759 | Frederick the Great | This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler | 9 | |
| 5917240760 | Galileo | He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. | 10 | |
| 5917240761 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. | 11 | |
| 5917240762 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 12 | |
| 5917240763 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 13 | |
| 5917240764 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 14 | |
| 5917240765 | Johann Gutenberg | Invented the printing press | 15 | |
| 5917240766 | Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." | 16 | |
| 5917240767 | Mary Wollstonecraft | British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." | 17 | |
| 5917240768 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 18 | |
| 5917240769 | Northern Renaissance | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance | 19 | |
| 5917240770 | Protestantism | a major group broadly defined as Christianity, which originated from the Reformation and protested and separated from the Roman Catholic Church | 20 | |
| 5917240771 | Proletariat | Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production | 21 | |
| 5917240772 | Rene Descartes | Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures | 22 | |
| 5917240773 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 23 | |
| 5917240774 | Thirty Years' War | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 24 | |
| 5917240775 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years; War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. | 25 | |
| 5917240776 | William Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood | 26 | |
| 5917240777 | Witchcraft Persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth, resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650, particularly common in Protestant areas | 27 |
