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| 5882012351 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar. | 0 | |
| 5882012890 | Third Rome | Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. | 1 | |
| 5882013340 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 2 | |
| 5882013942 | Boyars | The Russian nobles. | 3 | |
| 5882017176 | Cossacks | Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | 4 | |
| 5882018189 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 5 | |
| 5882019030 | Romanov dynasty | Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. | 6 | |
| 5882019884 | Alexis Romanov | Second ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. | 7 | |
| 5882020619 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | 8 | |
| 5882021454 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 9 | |
| 5882022970 | St. Petersburg | Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I. | 10 | |
| 5882023361 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 11 | |
| 5882024639 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. | 12 | |
| 5882025437 | Obrok | Labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century. | 13 | |
| 5882026696 | Pugachev rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 14 | |
| 5882027820 | Westernization | Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture. | 15 | |
| 5882028408 | Serfdom | Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate. | 16 |
