vocabulary
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| 261821550 | Ivan III | also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols (a.k.a. Tatars) after 1462; took title of tsar (czar), or Caesar- equivalent of emperor | 0 | |
| 261821551 | third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuitiy of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 1 | |
| 261821552 | Ivan IV | also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western Europe commerce and trade | 2 | |
| 261821553 | boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 3 | |
| 261821554 | cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquest; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements | 4 | |
| 261821555 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) without heir early in 17th century; lasted from 1604-1613, when a new tsar was finally selected; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar (czar) in 1613, which was the start of the Romanov dynasty, that would rule Russia until the great revolution of 1917 | 5 | |
| 261821556 | Romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 | 6 | |
| 261821557 | Alexis Romanov | second Romanov tsar; (Michael Romanov was the first Romanov tsar) son of Michael Romanov; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church | 7 | |
| 261821558 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 8 | |
| 261821559 | Peter I | also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; 6 foot 8 inches tall; ruled from 1689 to his death in 1725; continued growth of absolution and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through initiation of western European models | 9 | |
| 261821560 | St. Petersburg | the tsar Peter I (Peter the Great) moved the capital from Moscow to this Baltic city, St. Petersburg; Peter I "commemorated Russia's shift of interests westward by moving his capital from Moscow to a new Baltic city that he named St. Petersburg" | 10 | |
| 261821561 | Catherine the Great | also known as Catherine II; German born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 11 | |
| 261821562 | Pugachev rebellion | during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 12 | |
| 261821563 | Radishev | a noble; one of first Western inspired radicals; sought abolition of serfdom and more liberal political rule; vigorously harassed by Catherine the Great's police; his writings were banned | 13 | |
| 261821564 | partition of Poland | division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe; significant because before this, Poland was one of the largest nation-states in eastern Europe apart from Russia | 14 |
