Terms : Hide Images
| 7422212594 | Paleolithic Age | the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. |  | 0 |
| 7422230776 | subsistence agriculture | agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. | 1 | |
| 7422246017 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period. | 2 | |
| 7422404075 | Mesolithic Age | the Middle Stone Age. | 3 | |
| 7422257265 | Neolithic Age | the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 4 | |
| 7422276154 | Neolithic revolution | the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture; 8500 - 3500 B.C.E. | 5 | |
| 7422291497 | hunting and gathering | the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries. | 6 | |
| 7422310492 | Catal Huyuk | [cha-tal HOY-ewk] early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. | 7 | |
| 7422326331 | Bronze Age | from about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it. |  | 8 |
| 7422344487 | nomads (pastoralists) | cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. | 9 | |
| 7422364638 | pastoral nomadism | a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. The word "pastoral" refers to sheep herding. It is adapted to dry climates, where planting crops is impossible. | 10 | |
| 7422382881 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. | 11 | |
| 7422399690 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. | 12 | |
| 7422427480 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 13 | |
| 7422438880 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. |  | 14 |
| 7422446887 | ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. |  | 15 |
| 7422466211 | city-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | 16 | |
| 7422475031 | Babylonians | unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | 17 | |
| 7422487174 | Hammurabi | (r. 1792 - 1750) the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for the codification of law. | 18 | |
| 7422507852 | pharaoh | title of kings of ancient Egypt. |  | 19 |
| 7422512579 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. |  | 20 |
| 7422519059 | Kush | an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 21 | |
| 7422534123 | Indus River | river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. | 22 | |
| 7422544193 | Harappa | along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 23 | |
| 7422552371 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. | 24 | |
| 7422561232 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 25 | |
| 7422582472 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form. | 26 | |
| 7422591339 | Ramayana | one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of king Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | 27 | |
| 7422604666 | Upanishads | later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. | 28 | |
| 7422623208 | Yellow River | also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. |  | 29 |
| 7422630294 | ideographs | pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. |  | 30 |
| 7422645380 | Shang | first Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 31 | |
| 7422666951 | Zhou | the dynasty which followed the Shang; flourished between 1029 and about 700 B.C.E., although technically extending beyond this point. | 32 | |
| 7422678483 | Olmecs | people of cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, and beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. |  | 33 |
| 7422703171 | Chavin de Huantar | Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs. | 34 | |
| 7422723863 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 35 | |
| 7422734788 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into western civilization. | 36 |
