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| 6140182844 | Ivan III (also Ivan the Great) | Prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Ceasar - equivalent of emperor | 0 | |
| 6140196308 | Ivan IV (also Ivan the Terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture | 1 | |
| 6140221715 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements | 2 | |
| 6140232074 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 3 | |
| 6140240556 | Romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 | 4 | |
| 6140246743 | Alexis Romanov | Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution | 5 | |
| 6140255224 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 6 | |
| 6140264564 | Peter I (also Peter the Great) | son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 7 | |
| 6140277353 | Catherine the Great | German born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 8 | |
| 6140294797 | Pugachev rebellion | during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by Cossack Emelian Pugachev who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crashed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 9 | |
| 6140311622 | partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe | 10 |
