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| 9150242902 | tsar | Russian ruler that was the equivalent of an emperor before 1917. | 0 | |
| 9150242903 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar--- equivalent of emperor. | 1 | |
| 9150278390 | boyars | Russian aristocratic landlords who interfered with the tsar's "rule without interference." | 2 | |
| 9150278234 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars; continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 3 | |
| 9150288531 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 4 | |
| 9150296304 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 5 | |
| 9150296305 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles, ruled Russia until 1917. | 6 | |
| 9150296887 | Alexis Romanov | (1904-1918) The Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian Revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution. | 7 | |
| 9150317850 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia where they became part of Russian colonization. | 8 | |
| 9150320011 | Stephen Razin | led serf revolt and declared freedom for all serfs under landlord control; was eventually shut down by tsarist troops. | 9 | |
| 9150317851 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great, son of Alexis Romanov; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 10 | |
| 9150348379 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule and accepted western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 11 | |
| 9150348390 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by Cossack Pugachev who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest from this point forward. | 12 | |
| 9150369048 | Partition of Poland | Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 13 | |
| 9150380955 | serfdom | began after the fall of Mongols in Russia; gave the government a way to satisfy the nobility and regulate peasants when the government itself lacked the bureaucratic means to extend direct controls over the common people; very close to outright slavery. | 14 |
