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| 11778276242 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar). | 0 | |
| 11778276243 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 1 | |
| 11778276244 | Cossacks | Peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | 2 | |
| 11778276245 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death of Ivan IV, who died without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 3 | |
| 11778276246 | Romanov Dynasty | Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. | 4 | |
| 11778276247 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. | 5 | |
| 11778276248 | Old Believers | Conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | 6 | |
| 11778276249 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 7 | |
| 11778276250 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective receptivity to Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 8 | |
| 11778276251 | Pugachev Rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant uprising led by Cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 9 | |
| 11778276252 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. | 10 | |
| 11778276253 | Peter III | Inept husband of Catherine the Great who was found murdered opening the door for Catherine's rule. | 11 |
