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| 3721544110 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 0 | |
| 3721544111 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed | 1 | |
| 3721544112 | Augustin de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821 | 2 | |
| 3721544113 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia | 3 | |
| 3721544114 | Gran Columbia | Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations | 4 | |
| 3721544115 | Jose de San Martin | Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru | 5 | |
| 3721544116 | Joao VI | Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire | 6 | |
| 3721544117 | Pedro I | Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor | 7 | |
| 3721544118 | Andres Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839 | 8 | |
| 3721544119 | Caudillos | Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government | 9 | |
| 3721544120 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians | 10 | |
| 3721544121 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians | 11 | |
| 3721544122 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy | 12 | |
| 3721544123 | Antonia de Santa Anna | Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835 | 13 | |
| 3721544124 | Monroe Doctrine | United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act | 14 | |
| 3721544125 | Positivism | A philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society | 15 | |
| 3721544126 | Auguste Comte | 19th-century French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society | 16 | |
| 3721544127 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific | 17 | |
| 3721544128 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory | 18 | |
| 3721544129 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States | 19 | |
| 3721544130 | Benito Juarez | Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872 | 20 | |
| 3721544131 | La Reforma | Name of Juárez's liberal revolution | 21 | |
| 3721544132 | Maximillian von Habsburg | Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867 | 22 | |
| 3721544133 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists | 23 | |
| 3721544134 | Domingo Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation | 24 | |
| 3721544135 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery | 25 | |
| 3721544136 | Spanish-American War | Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean | 26 | |
| 3721544137 | Panama Canal | The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus | 27 | |
| 3721546369 | guano | bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery | 28 | |
| 3721569735 | Cientificos | advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican Government to project image of modernization | 29 |
