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| 9446029506 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 0 | |
| 9446053994 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807; aimed at improving administrated efficiency and building a new army and navy; topped by Janissaries. | 1 | |
| 9446053995 | Mahmud III | Ottoman sultan; built a private; professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army. | 2 | |
| 9446106818 | Tanzimat reforms | Series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839-1876; established Western-styled university; state postal system; railways; extensive legal reforms. | 3 | |
| 9446127191 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908. | 4 | |
| 9446130026 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks", desired to restore 1876 constitution. | 5 | |
| 9446635745 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Malmuk rules in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic rulers in Egypt; failure destroyed Malmuk government in Egypt and revealed Muslim vulnerability. | 6 | |
| 9446650193 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Malmuks; established mastery in all of Egypt by 1811. Introduced effective army based on Western tactics. | 7 | |
| 9446693545 | khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952. | 8 | |
| 9446713168 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors. | 9 | |
| 9446714262 | Jamal al-Din al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology. | 10 | |
| 9446715141 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology. | 11 | |
| 9446716315 | Ahmad Arabi | Egyptian military leader who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the khedival regime to call in British force for support. | 12 | |
| 9446716316 | Khartoum | River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan. | 13 | |
| 9446789518 | Muhammad Ahmad | Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels. | 14 | |
| 9446789519 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Ahmad. | 15 | |
| 9446790342 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898. | 16 | |
| 9446798122 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria. | 17 | |
| 9446798123 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in in early 17th century, utilized to defeat Ming emperor Qing dynasty. | 18 | |
| 9446798817 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west. | 19 | |
| 9446801446 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661-1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. | 20 | |
| 9446837584 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links btw. China and the outside world. | 21 | |
| 9446875195 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. | 22 | |
| 9446875977 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium. | 23 | |
| 9446887569 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. | 24 | |
| 9446887570 | Hong Xiuquan | Leader of Taiping rebellion; converted specifically to Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite. | 25 | |
| 9446888401 | Zeng Goufan | One of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms. Defender of Qing dynasty. | 26 | |
| 9446888402 | self-strengthening movement | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders. | 27 | |
| 9446889013 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as means of driving out Westerners. | 28 | |
| 9446889876 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and provincial officials. | 29 | |
| 9446889877 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China, briefly elected President in 1911, created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919. | 30 | |
| 9446890414 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912. | 31 |
