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| 13994241537 | Alexander I | A tsar of Russia who liked the idea of liberal rhetoric but sponsored the Hold Alliance idea at thr Congress of Vienna. | 0 | |
| 13994241538 | Holy Alliance | Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe. | 1 | |
| 13994241540 | Decembrist Revolt | Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicolas I. Followers were illiterate. Failed. Leaders executed or exiled. Came about over who the rightful heir was after Alex I died. | 2 | |
| 13994241541 | Crimean War | Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II. | 3 | |
| 13994241542 | Emancipation of the Serfs | Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. | 4 | |
| 13994241543 | Zemstvoes | Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy. | 5 | |
| 13994241544 | Trans-Siberian Railroad | Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. | 6 | |
| 13994241545 | Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in Russia. | 7 | |
| 13994241546 | Intelligentsia | Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West. | 8 | |
| 13994241547 | Anarchists | Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881. | 9 | |
| 13994241549 | Pogroms | Mass attacks and seizures of property of Jews by Russians. | 10 | |
| 13994241550 | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov | Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik revolution of 1917. | 11 | |
| 13994241551 | Bolsheviks | Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution. | 12 | |
| 13994241552 | Russo-Japanese War | War between Russia and Japan over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance. | 13 | |
| 13994241553 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. | 14 | |
| 13994241554 | Duma | National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution. | 15 | |
| 13994241555 | Stolypin Reforms | Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry. | 16 | |
| 13994241556 | Kulaks | Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land. | 17 | |
| 13994241557 | Turgenev | One of the many Westernizers of Russia who wrote realistic novels that promoted what they saw as modern values. | 18 | |
| 13994241558 | Gregor Mendel | Furthered understanding of genetics. | 19 | |
| 13994241559 | Ivan Pavlov | Experimented on conditioned reflexes. | 20 | |
| 13994241560 | Terakoya | Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males. | 21 | |
| 13994241561 | Dutch Studies | Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan. | 22 | |
| 13994241562 | Matthew Perry | American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854. | 23 | |
| 13994241563 | Mutsuhito | Emperor who encouraged the modernization of Japan. In his name, key samurai leaders put down the troops of the shogunate. | 24 | |
| 13994241564 | Iwasaki Yataro | using political connections he gained control of the ships that he had managed as a samurai official and other government ships. From this, he built a shipping line to compete with foreign companies, started a bank, and invested in the enterprises that later became the Mitsubishi combine. | 25 | |
| 13994241565 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it. | 26 | |
| 13994241566 | Ministry of Industry | One of the most powerful agencies of Japan; at its peak, it essentially ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment. | 27 | |
| 13994241568 | Zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization. | 28 | |
| 13994241569 | Fukuzawa Yukichi | One of the many reformers who toned down their rhetoric after the emperor and conservative advisors stepped back. | 29 | |
| 13994241570 | Sino-Japanese War | War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula. | 30 | |
| 13994241571 | Yellow Peril | Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region. | 31 |
