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| 8089466533 | The destruction of the Zhou dynasty was followed by | A long period of conflict and social turmoil throughout China known as the Period of the Warring States | 0 | |
| 8089466534 | Chinese expansions to the south and west created | Periodic instability as local peoples tried to defend themselves | 1 | |
| 8089466535 | Internal conflict after the falling of the Zhou dynasty caused China to be | Vulnerable to nomadic invaders | 2 | |
| 8089466536 | After the falling of the Zhou dynasty, many nomadic invaders eventually | Settled down and assimilated the distinct culture of the region | 3 | |
| 8089466537 | The Qin dynasty was overthrown by | A revolt led by two peasants | 4 | |
| 8089466538 | The Qin dynasty was followed by | The Han dynasty | 5 | |
| 8089466539 | The Han era established | Unity in the old core regions | 6 | |
| 8089466540 | During the Han era, Chinese political control was | Greatly extended in all directions | 7 | |
| 8089466541 | The Han rulers founded | The largest, most effective, and most enduring bureaucracy in the preindustrial world | 8 | |
| 8089466542 | The Han rulers developed the | Civil service exam | 9 | |
| 8089466543 | The civil service exam and the bureaucracy developed by the Han helped build | A sense of Chinese distinctiveness and identity critical to the survival of Chinese civilization | 10 | |
| 8089466544 | The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by | Centuries of war, foreign invasion, and internal division | 11 | |
| 8089466545 | China's isolation | Limited its ability to learn from other cultures but spared it frequent invasion and encouraged a distinct Chinese identity | 12 | |
| 8089466546 | China built upon the civilization of | Huang he | 13 | |
| 8089466547 | Classical Chinese intellectual heritage stressed | The basic harmony of nature | 14 | |
| 8089466548 | According to Chinese philosophy, an individual should | Seek a way to relate to the harmony of nature, avoid excess and appreciate the balance of opposites | 15 | |
| 8089466549 | In relation to the world of balanced nature, individuals and human institutions existed | Within it | 16 | |
| 8089466550 | The cycle of Chinese dynasty: | A family of kings develops strong political institutions and encourages an active economy; dynasty grows weaker and tax revenues decline, social divisions increase, internal rebellions and invasions occur; a new dynasty takes over | 17 | |
| 8089466551 | The Zhou dynasty did not establish | A powerful government | 18 | |
| 8089466552 | The Zhou dynasty ruled | Through alliances with regional princes and noble families | 19 | |
| 8089466553 | The Zhou dynasty came from | The north | 20 | |
| 8089466554 | The Zhou dynasty succeeded the | Shang dynasty | 21 | |
| 8089466555 | Zhou rulers lacked | The means to control their territories directly | 22 | |
| 8089466556 | Zhou rulers gave | Large regional estates to members of their families and other supporters | 23 | |
| 8089466557 | Zhou rulers gave estates to family and supporters because | They hoped that their loyalties would remain intact | 24 | |
| 8089466558 | Zhou rulers and their supporters exchanged | Land for troops and tax revenues | 25 | |
| 8089466559 | During the feudal age, Chinese rulers depended on | A network of loyalties and obligations to and from their landlord vassals | 26 | |
| 8089466560 | The Chinese feudal system was vulnerable to | Regional disloyalties | 27 | |
| 8089466561 | The decline of the Zhou dynasty in 700 B.C. occurred when | Regional land-owning aristocrats solidified their own power base and disregarded the central government | 28 | |
| 8089466562 | The Zhou dynasty extended the territory of China by | Encouraging settlers to move into the Yangzi River valley | 29 | |
| 8089466563 | The expanded settlement from the Huang he to the Yangzi was known as | The "Middle Kingdom" | 30 | |
| 8089466564 | The "Middle Kingdom" provided | Rich agricultural lands with wheat-growing in the north and rice-growing in the south | 31 | |
| 8089466565 | The wheat-growing land in the north plus the rice-growing land in the south encouraged | Population growth | 32 | |
| 8089466566 | Territorial expansion during the Zhou dynasty complicated | Central political power, as communication and transport from the capital to the outlying regions were difficult | 33 | |
| 8089466567 | Under the Zhou dynasty, landed nobles provided | Courts of justice and organized military groups | 34 | |
| 8089466568 | The Zhou heightened the focus on | Central government | 35 | |
| 8089466569 | The Zhou increased central political power by | Claiming direct links to Shang rulers and through the Mandate of Heaven | 36 | |
| 8089466570 | The Zhou worked to provide greater | Cultural unity | 37 | |
| 8089466571 | The Zhou discouraged | The primitive religious practices of the Huang he civilization | 38 | |
| 8089466572 | The Zhou banned | Human sacrifice | 39 | |
| 8089466573 | The Zhou standardized | Language to Mandarin Chinese, and currency | 40 | |
| 8089466574 | When the Zhou dynasty began to fall, scholars used | Philosophical ideas to lessen the impact of growing political confusion | 41 | |
| 8089466575 | The decline of the Zhou dynasty spurred efforts to | Define and articulate Chinese culture | 42 | |
| 8089466576 | During the decline of the Zhou dynasty, regional rulers formed | Independent armies, reducing the emperors to little more than figureheads | 43 | |
| 8089466577 | Under the Qin dynasty, China was organized into | Large provinces ruled by bureaucrats appointed by the emperor | 44 | |
| 8089466578 | Politically, the Qin dynasty stressed | Central authority | 45 | |
| 8089466579 | The Great Wall was built in the the north to | Protect against outside invasions and to protect expansionist drives | 46 | |
| 8089466580 | The Great Wall was built by | Forced labor, conscripted by the local bureaucracy from among the peasantry | 47 | |
| 8089466581 | The Qin standardized | Weights, measures, coinage, and Chinese written script | 48 | |
| 8089466582 | The standardization of currency, weights, and measures | Facilitated trade throughout the vast Chinese empire | 49 | |
| 8089466583 | The Qin promoted the manufacturing of | Silk | 50 | |
| 8089466584 | The Qin attacked | Formal culture, and burned many books | 51 | |
| 8089466585 | In exchange for ruling in the name of Shi Huangdi, governors | Named officials responsible for smaller regions | 52 | |
| 8089466586 | Han rulers retained the Qin's | Centralized administration | 53 | |
| 8089466587 | Politically, the Han | Expanded the powers of the bureaucracy | 54 | |
| 8089466588 | The vast empire of China could be effectively ruled because of | Its central authority and expanded bureaucracy | 55 | |
| 8089466589 | The Han sought to reduce | The brutal repression of the Qin era | 56 | |
| 8089466590 | Early Han rulers expanded into | Korea, Indochina, and central Asia | 57 | |
| 8089466591 | Han expansion led to | Direct contact with India | 58 | |
| 8089466592 | Han expansion allowed the Chinese to | Develop contact with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East | 59 | |
| 8089466593 | The peace enforced throughout Asia by Wu Ti brought | Prosperity to China | 60 | |
| 8089466594 | Under the Han dynasty, the workings of the state bureaucracy | Improved | 61 | |
| 8089466595 | Under the Han dynasty, the government was linked to | Formal training that emphasized the values of Confucian philosophy | 62 | |
| 8089466596 | The quality of Han rule declined as | Central control weakened | 63 | |
| 8089466597 | The Han dynasty fell to | The Huns | 64 | |
| 8089466598 | Strong local units in Classical China | Never disappeared | 65 | |
| 8089466599 | China relied heavily on | Tightly knit patriarchal families | 66 | |
| 8089466600 | Individual families were linked to | Other relatives in extended family networks | 67 | |
| 8089466601 | Family authority among the wealthy was increased through | The practice of ancestor worship | 68 | |
| 8089466602 | Ancestor worship | Joined family members through rituals devoted to important ancestors who had passed into the spirit world | 69 | |
| 8089466603 | Ancestor worship was more common among | The wealthy | 70 | |
| 8089466604 | For ordinary people, village authority | Surmounted family rule | 71 | |
| 8089466605 | Village leaders helped farming families | Regulate property and coordinate planting and harvest work | 72 | |
| 8089466606 | Under the Qin and Han dynasties, the effectiveness of central government was | Further enhanced by the delegation of special areas and decisions to the emperor's ministers | 73 | |
| 8089466607 | Han rulers resumed the attack on | Local warrior-landlords | 74 | |
| 8089466608 | The first civil service exams under the Han covered | Classics of Chinese literature and law | 75 | |
| 8089466609 | Most Chinese bureaucrats under the Han were drawn from | The landed upper classes | 76 | |
| 8089466610 | Most Chinese bureaucrats under the Han were drawn from the landed upper classes because | They alone had the time to master the complex system of Chinese characters | 77 | |
| 8089466611 | China's bureaucracy under the Han sometimes | Recruited citizens from lower ranks of society | 78 | |
| 8089466612 | The Chinese bureaucracy under the Han limited | The exercise of arbitrary power by the emperor | 79 | |
| 8089466613 | Trained and experienced bureaucrats could control | The whims of a single ruler | 80 | |
| 8089466614 | The Qin and Han government controlled | Military and judicial functions | 81 | |
| 8089466615 | The Han government promoted the philosophy of | Confucianism | 82 | |
| 8089466616 | The Qin and Han government sponsored research in | Astronomy | 83 | |
| 8089466617 | The imperial government directly organized the production of | Iron and salt | 84 | |
| 8089466618 | The Chinese government during the Qin and Han dynasties sponsored the construction of | Complex irrigation and canal systems | 85 | |
| 8089466619 | Han rulers stored grain and rice to | Control price increases and potential popular unrest when harvests were bad | 86 | |
| 8089466620 | The Chinese system of law was backed by | A strict code of law allowing torture and execution to supplement the preaching of obedience and civic virtue | 87 | |
| 8089466621 | Chinese upper-class cultural values emphasized | A good life on earth and the virtues of obedience to the state | 88 | |
| 8089466622 | Religiously, the Zhou rulers stressed the importance of | A harmonious earthly life, which would maintain proper balance between earth and heaven | 89 | |
| 8089466623 | Zhou leaders encouraged carefully constructed rituals to | Unify society and prevent individual excess | 90 | |
| 8089466624 | Chinese dominant values were unusual in that they were | Secular rather than religious | 91 | |
| 8089466625 | The Confucian list of virtues stressed respect for | One's social superiors, including fathers and husbands | 92 | |
| 8089466626 | The Confucian hierarchy was | Patriarchal | 93 | |
| 8089466627 | Confucianism insisted that leaders behave | Modestly and without excess, shunning abusive power and treating courteously those who were in charge | 94 | |
| 8089466628 | Confucianism urged leaders to be characterized by | Veneration of custom and ritual, moderation in behavior, and a love of wisdom | 95 | |
| 8089466629 | Confucianism was primarily a system of | Ethics | 96 | |
| 8089466630 | Confucianism urged people to do unto others as | Their own status and theirs dictate | 97 | |
| 8089466631 | Confucianism appealed to many educated Chinese because it | Confirmed the distaste they had developed for religious mysteries and their delight in learning and good manners | 98 | |
| 8089466632 | Confucian doctrine was recorded in | A book called Analects | 99 | |
| 8089466633 | Confucianism appealed to Han rulers because of its | Emphasis on political virtue and social order | 100 | |
| 8089466634 | Confucian learning was incorporated into | The training of aspiring bureaucrats | 101 | |
| 8089466635 | Confucianism emphasized personal | Restraint and the careful socialization of children | 102 | |
| 8089466636 | Confucianism urged a political system to not base rank solely on | Birth, but would make education accessible to all talented and intelligent members of society | 103 | |
| 8089466637 | Confucianism urged that rulers be | Humble, giving, and sincere | 104 | |
| 8089466638 | Confucianism stressed that happiness rested in | Doing good for all, not individual gain | 105 | |
| 8089466639 | Legalist writers prided themselves on their | Pragmatism | 106 | |
| 8089466640 | Legalism disdained | Confucianism | 107 | |
| 8089466641 | Legalism favored | An authoritarian state that ruled by force | 108 | |
| 8089466642 | Legalism stressed that human nature was | Evil and required restraint and discipline | 109 | |
| 8089466643 | In a legalist state, | The army would control and the people would labor | 110 | |
| 8089466644 | The idea of pleasure in educated discourse or courtesy under legalism was | Dismissed as frivolity | 111 | |
| 8089466645 | Compared to Confucianism, Legalism never captured the same | Widespread approval | 112 | |
| 8089466646 | Confucianists did not explicitly seek | Popular loyalty | 113 | |
| 8089466647 | China did not produce a single | System of beliefs | 114 | |
| 8089466648 | Confucianism was deprived of a | Spiritual side due to its reluctance to explore the mysteries of life or nature | 115 | |
| 8089466649 | Confucianism was most easily accepted by the | Upper classes, who had the time and resources to pursue an education and participate in ceremony | 116 | |
| 8089466650 | Most of the peasant class in Classical China believed in | Polytheism, focusing on the spirits of nature | 117 | |
| 8089466651 | Many peasants strove to attract the blessings of | Conciliatory spirits by creating statues, emblems, and household decorations honoring the spirits and by holding parades and family ceremonies | 118 | |
| 8089466652 | Daoism arose during | The waning centuries of the Zhou dynasty | 119 | |
| 8089466653 | Daoism first appealed to | The upper classes | 120 | |
| 8089466654 | Daoism first appealed to the upper classes because | They had an interest in a more elaborate spirituality | 121 | |
| 8089466655 | Daoism embraced | Traditional Chinese beliefs in nature's harmony | 122 | |
| 8089466656 | Daoism added | A sense of nature's mystery | 123 | |
| 8089466657 | Daoism stressed that | Nature contained a divine impulse that directs all life | 124 | |
| 8089466658 | Daoism stressed that true human understanding comes in | Withdrawing from the world and contemplating nature's life force | 125 | |
| 8089466659 | Daoism promoted | Secret rituals and its own set of ethics | 126 | |
| 8089466660 | Daoist harmony with nature best resulted through | Humility and frugal living | 127 | |
| 8089466661 | According to Daoism, political activity and learning were | Irrelevant to a good life | 128 | |
| 8089466662 | Daoism guaranteed that China's people would not be | United by a single religious or philosophical system | 129 | |
| 8089466663 | Some emperors embraced Daoism because | They found solace in it and it posed no real political threat | 130 | |
| 8089466664 | The Daoist emphasis on magic and mysteries disagreed with | Confucianists | 131 | |
| 8089466665 | The Chinese government from the Han dynasty onward was able to persuade Daoist priests to | Include expressions of loyalty to the emperor in their temple services | 132 | |
| 8089466666 | The Five Classics were written during the | Early Zhou dynasty | 133 | |
| 8089466667 | The Five Classics were used as | A basis for civil service examinations | 134 | |
| 8089466668 | The Five Classics included | Historical treatises, speeches, other political materials, a discussion of etiquette and ceremonies | 135 | |
| 8089466669 | The Classic of Songs included | Over 300 poems dealing with love, joy, politics, and family life | 136 | |
| 8089466670 | Each generation of Chinese writers | Found new meaning in the classical literature, allowing them to express new ideas within a familiar framework | 137 | |
| 8089466671 | From the Classical period onward, the ability to learn and recite poetry became | The mark of an educated Chinese | 138 | |
| 8089466672 | The literary tradition established in China reinforced the | Confucian emphasis on human life | 139 | |
| 8089466673 | Chinese art during the classical period was | Largely decorative | 140 | |
| 8089466674 | Classical Chinese art stressed | Careful detail and craftsmanship | 141 | |
| 8089466675 | Classical Chinese artistic styles reflected | The precision and geometric qualities of Chinese symbols | 142 | |
| 8089466676 | An important Classical Chinese art form was | Calligraphy | 143 | |
| 8089466677 | Chinese artists | Painted, worked in bronze and pottery, carved jade and ivory, and wove silk screens | 144 | |
| 8089466678 | Classical China did not produce | Monumental buildings aside from the Great Wall and some imperial palaces and tombs | 145 | |
| 8089466679 | Classical China did not produce monumental buildings other than the Great Wall and some imperial palaces and tombs because of its | Lack of a single religion | 146 | |
| 8089466680 | Classical Chinese science and mathematics encouraged | Important practical work rather than imaginative theorizing | 147 | |
| 8089466681 | Chinese astronomers developed | An accurate calendar based on a year with 365.5 days | 148 | |
| 8089466682 | Later astronomers calculated | The movement of the planets Saturn and Jupiter and observed sunspots | 149 | |
| 8089466683 | The purpose of Chinese astronomy was to | Make celestial phenomena predictable as part of the wider interest in ensuring harmony between heaven and earth | 150 | |
| 8089466684 | Technologically, Han researchers developed the | Seismograph | 151 | |
| 8089466685 | Medically, the Chinese | Developed precise anatomical knowledge and studied principles of hygiene that could promote longer life | 152 | |
| 8089466686 | Daoism encouraged some exploration of | The orderly processes of nature | 153 | |
| 8089466687 | Scientific research focused on | How things actually worked | 154 | |
| 8089466688 | Significant gaps developed between | The land-owning gentry and the farmer-peasant masses | 155 | |
| 8089466689 | Gaps between the upper and lower classes were symbolized by | The difficulty of becoming literate | 156 | |
| 8089466690 | The Chinese peasantry depended on | Intensive cooperation, particularly in the southern rice region | 157 | |
| 8089466691 | In the southern rice region, property was characteristically owned and regulated by | The village or the extended family, rather than the individual | 158 | |
| 8089466692 | Beneath the Chinese peasantry was a group of | "Mean" people who performed rough transport and other unskilled jobs and suffered from the lowest possible status, also performing artists and slaves | 159 | |
| 8089466693 | In general, social status was | Passed from one generation to the next through inheritance | 160 | |
| 8089466694 | Unusually talented individuals from a peasant background might be | Given access to an education and rise within the bureaucracy | 161 | |
| 8089466695 | The three main social groups of Classical China were | The top group, made up of the landowning aristocracy and the educated bureaucrats, or mandarins; the laboring masses; and the mean people | 162 | |
| 8089466696 | The laboring masses were | Peasants and urban artisans who manufactured goods far poorer than the top group and condemned to a life of hard manual labor | 163 | |
| 8089466697 | The laboring masses worked | Directly on large estates | 164 | |
| 8089466698 | Mean people were punished for crime | More harshly and required to wear green scarves | 165 | |
| 8089466699 | Trade during the Zhou and Han dynasties focused on | Luxury items for the upper class produced by skilled artisans in the city | 166 | |
| 8089466700 | Coins made of ___ began to circulate | Copper | 167 | |
| 8089466701 | There was food exchange between | The rice- and wheat-growing regions of China | 168 | |
| 8089466702 | Confucian emphasis on learning and political service led to considerable scorn for | Lives devoted to moneymaking such as trade | 169 | |
| 8089466703 | Technology greatly improved in areas such as | Agriculture, iron mining, production methods in textiles and pottery, paper, and water-powered mills | 170 | |
| 8089466704 | Compared to Europe or western Asia, the technology of China was | Advanced | 171 | |
| 8089466705 | Farming technology helped | Increase population in the countryside | 172 | |
| 8089466706 | Because of better tools and seeds, smaller amounts of land could | Support more families | 173 | |
| 8089466707 | China's solid agricultural base permitted | The expansion of cities and manufacturing | 174 | |
| 8089466708 | Nonagricultural goods were mainly produced by | Artisans working in small shops or their homes | 175 | |
| 8089466709 | The structure of the Chinese family resembled that of families in other agricultural civilizations in | Emphasizing the importance of unity and the power of husbands and fathers | 176 | |
| 8089466710 | In most families, the Confucian emphasis on patriarchal obedience did not produce | Much friction | 177 | |
| 8089466711 | Chinese popular culture stressed control of | One's emotions | 178 | |
| 8089466712 | The Chinese family was seen as | The center of an orderly, serene hierarchy | 179 | |
| 8089466713 | Chinese women could sometimes gain power through | Their sons and as mothers-in-law of younger women brought into the household | 180 | |
| 8089466714 | The child that would inherit property and position was | The oldest male | 181 | |
| 8089466715 | Economic innovation did not disrupt the Chinese emphasis on | Order and stability | 182 | |
| 8089466716 | Family structures were closely linked to | Political and cultural goals | 183 | |
| 8089466717 | Classical Chinese technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure developed with | Very little outside contact | 184 | |
| 8089466718 | The Chinese saw the world in terms of | A large island of civilization surrounded by barbarian peoples with nothing to offer except the threat of invasion | 185 | |
| 8089466719 | Important Chinese trade routes led to | India and the Middle East | 186 | |
| 8089466720 | China lacked the need and the desire to | Learn from or teach other societies | 187 |
