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| 5138277327 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | (1743-1803) Leader of slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to the creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 0 | |
| 5138299977 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed. | 1 | |
| 5138310237 | Agustín de Iturbide | (1783-1824) Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until it's collapse in 1824. | 2 | |
| 5138340370 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to the creation of independent state of gran Colombia. | 3 | |
| 5138346326 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 4 | |
| 5138383926 | José de San Martín | A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence; led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-1818, and with Simon Bolívar, Peru. For political reasons, he went into exile in Europe in 1823. | 5 | |
| 5138396061 | Dom João Vi | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 6 | |
| 5138448134 | Dom Pedro I | (1798-1834) Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 7 | |
| 5138466650 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo General who established the union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 8 | |
| 5138572828 | caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 9 | |
| 5138585607 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 10 | |
| 5138593791 | federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. | 11 | |
| 5138604493 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 12 | |
| 5138613126 | General Antonio López de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after a brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by united States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | 13 | |
| 5138631342 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a european country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the united States; supported by great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. | 14 | |
| 5138643212 | guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted the end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. | 15 | |
| 5138655316 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. | 16 | |
| 5138662862 | Auguste Comte | French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. | 17 | |
| 5138681739 | manifest destiny | Belief of the government of the united States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. | 18 | |
| 5141481282 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the united States; left legacy of distrust of the united States in Latin America. | 19 | |
| 5141482546 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the united States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the united States. | 20 | |
| 5141484528 | Benito Juárez | (1806-1872) Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872. | 21 | |
| 5141487836 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna. | 22 | |
| 5141489025 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867. | 23 | |
| 5141490988 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists. | 24 | |
| 5141492391 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | (1811-1888) Liberal politician and president of Argentine republic from 1868 to 1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. | 25 | |
| 5141493325 | fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. | 26 | |
| 5141496239 | científicos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization. | 27 | |
| 5141498116 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the united States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. | 28 | |
| 5141501470 | Great Boom | In The Great Boom, historian Robert Sobel tells the fascinating story of the last 50 years when American entrepreneurs, visionaries, and ordinary citizens transformed our depression and war-exhausted society into today's economic powerhouse | 29 | |
| 5141501967 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from united States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided a short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914. | 30 | |
| 5141510036 | junta central | A central committee that ruled in the Spanish King's name in opposition to Napoleon's brother, whom Napoleon had appointed as king. | 31 | |
| 5141522033 | Battle of Ayacucho | War in 1824, where royalist forces were defeated. | 32 | |
| 5141525504 | Creoles | American-born whites who expressed a growing self-consciousness as they began to question the policies of Spain and Portugal. | 33 |
