Deeper concepts of chapter 33
342977168 | Reasons for post-independence issues in newly formed nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East | *Population boom-too many people, not enough resources. *Unequally distributed resources-HUGE gap between the rich and the poor. *Corruption-Members of the educated classes that came to dominate the political and business lives in post-colonial societies often used their positions to enrich themselves at the expense of their societies as a whole. | 0 | |
342977169 | Results of the post-independence issues | *Longstanding rivalries between classes and ethnic groups resurfaced or intensified *Parasitic cities *Increase in gap between rich and poor *Political instability *It became impossible for nationalist leaders to fulfill the expectations they aroused in their followers.---->Disappointment *SHIFT TO AUTHORITARIAN/MILITARY/DICTORSHIPS | 1 | |
342977170 | General results of independence | *Leaders attempted industrialization *Environmental issues *Political instability | 2 | |
342977171 | Causes of population boom | *Reduction of war and famine *Improved hygiene and medical treatment *Improved method of transporting food and supplies *Necessity of children to lineage *Opposition to birth control methods *Lack of education and resources to slow population growth. *New crops from the New World----->MORE FOOD | 3 | |
342977172 | Causes of environmental issues | *Rural overpopulation----->soil depletion, deforestion, overgrazing *industrial pollution *lack of $$$ to buy anti-pollution technology | 4 | |
342977173 | Causes for economic issues | *Lack of industrial base *Dependence on a few cash crops or raw materials in order to fund industrialization.----->Price fluctuations----->market slumps----->debt and decline *Members of the educated classes that came to dominate the political and business lives in post-colonial societies often used their positions to enrich themselves at the expense of their societies as a whole----->funds go toward making the few rich even richer. * | 5 | |
342977174 | Results of economic issues | *State subsidies to reduce/stabilize cost of essential consumer items. *Loans from international organizations--->industrialized nations demand high concessions (commitments to buy the products of, entering alliances with, and allowing military bases of the lending countries) for their aid. *Lenders reduce/eliminate state subsidies---->social unrest and the collapse/near collapse of the post colonial regimes. *Lenders decide how the money is to be invested or repaid. | 6 | |
342977175 | Women's Roles/Rights | *Example of Western nations, in which women had won the right to vote, encouraged the leaders of the new post-colonial nations to add female suffrage to their constitutions. *Women paid active role in nationalist struggle--->helped them gain rights. *New rights had little bearing on their everyday life. *Those who gained high positions in politics usually had good connections. *Early marriage ages=normal no time for education or careers *Low sanitation and food scarcity--->women at higher risk for disease or death. male-centric customs *divorce and secular property laws passed *RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM reduced rights | 7 | |
344219532 | Causes of Internal Strife | *Communalism *Western colonialism-disruptive social divisions, random boundaries, favoritism towards certain groups, divide and rule policies, neglect of duties (by officers), *Secessionist movements- Pakistan and Bangladesh (1972) India-Sikh guerillas (80s) Morrocco, Ethiopia, Angola, Sudan, Nigeria. | 8 | |
344219533 | Effects of Internal Strife | *Democracy suffers-stalemates, bickering, eventual dictatorship | 9 | |
344254040 | One-Party Rule/Authoritarianism | *least successful response of leaders to post-independence issues *Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana '57, leftist leanings, hostility from U.S. and UK, help from Soviet bloc, dictatorial response to issues-refused to give up on plans---->FAILED miserably, crushed political opponents, made up "traditional" events to motivate ppl,military coup in 1966. | 10 | |
344254041 | Military Response | *Soldiers more resistant to ethnic/religious rivalries bc of discipline and training---->They thought they were more fit to run country *B/c they are often ANTI-COMMUNIST, they received technical and financial aid from the W. *Banned pol. parties, repressed opposition, restricted civil liberties, made little attempt to improve living standards or fix social issues. *Free Officers Movement Gamal Abdul Nasser-Egypt socialism and state intervention | 11 | |
344254042 | India vs. Egypt (Nehru vs. Nasser) | Egypt (Nasser)- socialism, state intervention, radical, foreign intervention policy (KILL Israel), dictatorship, nationalization India (Nehru)- socialism, state intervention, DEMOCRACY, better communication and more skilled middle class, state intervention AND private initiative, Green Revolution, | 12 | |
344254043 | Effects of the Green Revolution | *More $$$$ to pay for gov't programs-education, village electrification, family planning, village development. | 13 | |
344254044 | Iran | Pahlavi shahs---->Khomeini---->Khomeini Revolution of 1979 Religious revivalism Islam-Shia | 14 |