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| 4966088567 | Iran | Land of the Aryans | 0 | |
| 4966088568 | Iran links | Western Asia with southern and Central Asia | 1 | |
| 4966088569 | Sixth century B.C.E | Persians (southwest) created largest empire | 2 | |
| 4966088570 | Mesopotamian culture | Introduced Iranian elements and developed new forms of political and economic organization | 3 | |
| 4966088571 | Little written material within Persian empire... | Forced to view it through the Greek's eyes | 4 | |
| 4966088572 | Greeks were | Ignorant, hostile and interested mostly in events that affected themselves (leaving us less informed about Persian empire) | 5 | |
| 4966088573 | Iran is surrounded by | Zargos, Afghanistan and Caucasus Mountains, Caspian sea and the Baluchistan desert | 6 | |
| 4966088574 | Northeast was less protected by natural borders causing | Open attacks by nomads from Central Asia to Iran | 7 | |
| 4966088575 | Fundamental features of Iran | -high mountains -salt deserts -mountain streams draining into salt lakes and marshes | 8 | |
| 4966088576 | Iran NEVER had | A dense population | 9 | |
| 4966088577 | Best watered and most populous parts of Iran were | In the north and the west | 10 | |
| 4966088578 | Great Salt Desert and Baluchistan are | INHOSPITABLE | 11 | |
| 4966088579 | First millenium B.C.E | Irrigation enabled people to move down from mountain valleys to plains to cultivate | 12 | |
| 4966088580 | Prevent evaporation of water in hot,dry climate | Underground irrigation channels (vertical shifts) | 13 | |
| 4966088590 | Iran's mineral resources | Copper,tin,iron,gold an silver were exploited on limited scale | 14 | |
| 4966088581 | Human survival depended on | Ecological balance, and buildup of salt in soil or falling water | 15 | |
| 4966088582 | Mountain slopes provided | Fuel and materials for building and crafts | 16 | |
| 4966088583 | Referenced as "Iranians" since | Spoke related languages and shared cultural features | 17 | |
| 4966088584 | Medes | First to achieve complex level of political organization | 18 | |
| 4966088585 | Medes settled in | Northwest and under influence of centers in Mesopotamia and Urartu | 19 | |
| 4966088586 | Medes played role in | Destruction of Assyrian Empire in 17 century | 20 | |
| 4966088587 | Median kings extended control | Across Assyria into Anatolia and southeast toward Persian gulf | 21 | |
| 4966088588 | Southeast of Persian Gulf | Region of Persians | 22 | |
| 4966088589 | Persian rulers | Called Achaemenids because are traced to lineage back to Achaemenes | 23 | |
| 4966144340 | Achaemenes | Cemented relationship with Median court through marriage | 24 | |
| 4966144341 | Cyrus | Son of Persian chieftain and Median Princess | 25 | |
| 4966144342 | Cyrus united | Persian tribes and overthrew Median monarch 550 B.C.E | 26 | |
| 4966144343 | Cyrus victory caused | Medes and Persians in position of responsibility and retained framework of Median rule | 27 | |
| 4966144344 | Early habitants of WESTERN IRAN had a | Patriarchal family organization: male head of house and authority over family | 28 | |
| 4966527229 | Society divided into 3 social and occupational clases | 1. Warriors 2. Priests 3. Peasants | 29 | |
| 4966527230 | Landowning Aristocracy | Took pleasure in hunting, fighting and gardening | 30 | |
| 4966527231 | King was most | Illustrious member of group | 31 | |
| 4966527232 | Priests or Magi | Ritual specialists who supervised proper performance of sacrifices | 32 | |
| 4966527233 | Peasants | Common people; village-based farmers and shepherds | 33 | |
| 4966527234 | Cyrus redrew | Map of western Asia | 34 | |
| 4966527235 | 546 B.C.E. | Cyrus Defeated Lydia, ALL of Anatolia (grey city-states too) | 35 | |
| 4966527236 | 539 B.C.E. | Cyrus overthrew Neo-Babylon dynasty | 36 | |
| 4966527237 | Cyrus showed respect to | Babylonian priesthood and native traditions | 37 | |
| 4966527238 | 530 B.C.E | Cyrus dies while campaigning against Nomadic Iranians in northeast | 38 | |
| 4966527239 | Son, Cambyses | Set on Egypt | 39 | |
| 4966527240 | After Persians battles.. | Sent exploratory expeditions to Nubia and Lybia | 40 | |
| 4966527241 | (Greek Sources) Cambyses was | Cruel and impious madman but documents from | 41 | |
| 4966527242 | (Egyptian Sources) Cambyses was | Just like father, cultivating local priests and notables and respecting native traditions | 42 | |
| 4966527243 | 522 B.C.E | Cambyses dies, Darius I takes over. | 43 | |
| 4966527244 | Darius I | Extended Persian control to Indus Valley into Europe, he bridged Danube River and chased Scythian away (made largest empire) | 44 | |
| 4966527245 | Persians made | Forts in Thrace by 500 B.C.E were at Greece | 45 | |
| 4966527246 | Darius promoted | Development of maritime routes(told fleet to explore waters from Indus Delta to Red Sea) | 46 | |
| 4966527247 | Darius completed | Canal linking Red Sea and Nile | 47 | |
| 4966527248 | Darius divided empire into | 20 provinces each under supervision of Persian SATRAP | 48 | |
| 4966527249 | Satrap | Governor, related or connected by marriage to royal familt | 49 | |
| 4966527250 | Satrap's courts | Mini version of royal court | 50 | |
| 4966527253 | Position of satrap became hereditary meaning | Satraps' fam lived in province governed by their head | 51 | |
| 4966527251 | Head acquired | Knowledge about local conditions and formed connections with local elite | 52 | |
| 4966527252 | Farther the province from center of empire | More autonomy satrap had since slow communications | 53 | |
| 4966667420 | Satrap important duties | Collect nd send tribute to king | 54 | |
| 4966667421 | Darius prescribed | How much metal each province was to send annually (some for necessary expenditures, others hoarded) | 55 | |
| 4966667422 | Metal taken out of circulation | Price of gold and silver rise and provinces find it hard to meet quotas (Babylonian sources) | 56 | |
| 4966667423 | Economic downturn caused by | Increasing burden of taxation and corruption | 57 | |
| 4966667424 | Provinces connected to empire by | Maintained and patrolled royal roads | 58 | |
| 4966667425 | Stations built to | Receive important travelers and couriers carrying official correspondence | 59 | |
| 4966667426 | Military garrisons | controlled strategic points like mountain passes, river crossings | 60 | |
| 4966667427 | King had | Lots of children and wives | 61 | |
| 4966667428 | Women of royal family | Could become pawns in struggle for power (Darius married two daughters and one granddaughter) | 62 | |
| 4966667429 | Persian queens were (greek sources) | Vicious intrigues, poisoning rival wives and plotting to win thrones of their sons | 63 | |
| 4966667430 | Persian women ACTUALLY | Protect. Fam and mediate conflicts | 64 | |
| 4966667431 | Persian elite women were (greek sources) | Politically influential, possessed substantial property, traveled and prominent on public occasions | 65 | |
| 4966667432 | King and court moved with seasons | Living in great tents on road and in palaces in capitals of Mesopotamia and Iran | 66 | |
| 4966673716 | Kings entourage included | 1. Son of persian aristocrats (educated in court and hostages to parents. 2.noblemen (attend king when not engaged) 3.central administration (officials, employees of treasury etc) 4.royal bodyguard 5.courtiers and slaves 6.royal fam | 67 | |
| 4966698751 | King became | Figure of majesty and splendor | 68 | |
| 4966702341 | King referred to everyone as | "My slaves" and none that approached him must bow down to him | 69 | |
| 4966708322 | King owned | Huge tracts of land. He donated to supporters and some were called 'bow land", "horse land" and "chariot land" obliged recipient to provide military servicd\e | 70 | |
| 4966732470 | Paradayadam,paradise | Land advertised prosperity that king could bring to those who loyally serve him | 71 | |
| 4966748771 | Government officials distributed | Food and other commodities to large # of workers | 72 | |
| 4966758122 | Workers divided | into groups of men,women and children | 73 | |
| 4966761980 | Women recieved less then men of status BUT | Pregnant women and women with babes recieved MORE support | 74 | |
| 4966776794 | Administrative center | Sus, capital of Elam | 75 | |
| 4966781185 | At Susa | Requests and messages for the king | 76 | |
| 4966788766 | Persepolis (Darius approach of governing seen everywhere) | Ceremonial capital built by Darius; artificial platform was erected and was built palaces, audience halls, treasury building and barracks | 77 | |
| 4966801246 | Darius and son, Xerxes | Completed project inspired by Mesopotamian traditions (assyrian kings did to show off wealth and power) | 78 | |
| 4966832981 | Representative of people of empire recognized by | Hair, beards, dress, hats and footwear | 79 | |
| 4966840428 | What took place at Persepolis? | Events of special significance for king and people: New Years, coronation, marriage, death and burial | 80 | |
| 4966852617 | Kings from Darius on were burning in tombs cut into cliff at | Naqsh-i-Rustam | 81 | |
| 4966861160 | Behind Darius and empire stands | Will of god | 82 | |
| 4966866484 | Ahurmazda made Darius king | Giving him mandate to bring order to world and ensure all people treated fair | 83 | |
| 4966873597 | Zoroastrianism | Ahora Mazda is great god of religion and Darius might've practiced this | 84 | |
| 4966883606 | Gathas | Hymns in archaic Iranian dialect, work of Zoroaster who lived in eastern Iran | 85 | |
| 4966893597 | The Zoroaster revealed that | World had been created by Ahuramazda "wise lord" But OG state of perfection and unity had been damaged by attacks of Angra Mainyu "hostile spirt" back by demons | 86 | |
| 4966910059 | Humanity is participant in comic struggle | Individuals rewarded or punished in afterlife for actions during life | 87 | |
| 4966918778 | Darius used Zorastrianism in political ideology | Bring everyone under a regime of justice and restore perfection of creation | 88 | |
| 4966927179 | Persians were sensitive to | Beauties of nature and beneficent elements | 89 | |
| 4966930588 | Corpses were | Exposed to wild beasts and the elements to prevent from putrefying in earth or tainting sanctity of fire | 90 | |
| 4966951430 | Persians kept promises and | Told the truth | 91 | |
| 4966954615 | Darius called evildoers | The Lie | 92 | |
| 4966957686 | Zoroastrianism | Preached belief in one supreme deity, held humans to high ethical standard and promised salvation | 93 | |
| 4966964542 | Zoroastrianism | Influenced Judaism and indirectly Christianity | 94 | |
| 4966972001 | God/Devil Heaven/Hell Reward/Punishment Messiah/End of time | Legacies from Zoroastrianism | 95 | |
| 4966980666 | Zoroastrianism disappears after | Fall of Achaemenid Persian Empire | 96 | |
| 4966993799 | Cultural developments only possible since | Greeks had access to raw materials and markets abroad | 97 | |
| 4966998078 | Greek merchants, mercenaries and travelers | Were in contact with others and brought home foreighn goods and ideas | 98 | |
| 4967008291 | Greek civilization arose in | Lands bordering Aegean Sea (greek mainland, Aegean islands and western coast of Anatolia) | 99 | |
| 4967014280 | Southern greece is | Dry and rocky with small plains | 100 | |
| 4967021046 | Greece to Anatolia | Sea was not a barrier but connector since it was long distance apart | 101 | |
| 4967027007 | Western edge of Anatolia had | Broad and fertile river valleys, made comfortable place | 102 | |
| 4967033761 | Greek farmers depended on | Rainfall to water crops | 103 | |
| 4967037039 | Not sustain population | Limited arable land, thin topsoil and sparse rainfall (SOUTH) | 104 | |
| 4967042944 | Northern Greece | More rain and land, lots of cattle and horses. Few metal and timber but building stone, marble and clay plenty | 105 | |
| 4967053241 | Greek mainland | Natural harbors; difficulty of overland transport, availability of good anchorages and importation of metals, timber and grain drew Greeks to sea | 106 | |
| 4967065009 | Where resources? | Timber-northern Aegean Gold and iron-Anatolia Copper-cyrus Tin-western mediterranean Grain-black sea,egypt and sicily | 107 | |
| 4967075229 | Dark Age | Depopulation, poverty and isolation | 108 | |
| 4967082459 | Chief source of Mycenaean prosperity | Raw materials, metals | 109 | |
| 4967087384 | Land given to after less people to feed | Animals to graze | 110 | |
| 4967092032 | Isolation of greece ended 800 B.C.E. | When Phoenicians ships visited Aegean, inaugurating Archaic period of Greek History | 111 | |
| 4967105563 | More and new ideas | Depiction of human and animal figures and mythical beasts on pottery | 112 | |
| 4967109942 | Writing system from phoenicians | Used 22 symbols to represent consonants leaving vowels for inference | 113 | |
| 4967116183 | Greek vowels represented by | Using some Phoenician symbols that had no equivalent sounds in Greek | 114 | |
| 4967122351 | Greek was | First true alphabet, system of writing that fully represented sounds of spoken language | 115 | |
| 4967129973 | Cgreeks used alphabetic writing first for | Economic purposes to keep inventory of merchant wares | 116 | |
| 4967134874 | Greece remained | Oral culture: people used storytelling, rituals and performances to preserve and transmit info | 117 | |
| 4967138473 | Early Archaic period | Explosion of population because of use of land as farming replaced headings and fam began to work | 118 | |
| 4967146994 | Shift of diet | Based on bread and vegetables rather than meat increased fertility and life span | 119 | |
| 4967155380 | Polis (citystate) | Urban center and rural territory it controlled | 120 | |
| 4967162579 | Acropolis (base of fortified high point, top of city) | Offered refuge in an emergency | 121 | |
| 4967170148 | Agora (gathering place) walls built around it | Open area citizens came together to ratify decisions of leaders or assemble weapons before military ventures | 122 | |
| 4967183010 | Urban center depended on | Agricultural hinterland to provide food and people living within walls of city worked on close farms | 123 | |
| 4967194379 | Each polis was | Jealous of independence and suspicious of ties neighbors leading to conflict | 124 | |
| 4967197479 | Greeks developed new kind of warfare | Waged by Hoplites | 125 | |
| 4967201272 | Hoplites | Armored infantrymen who fought in close formation, protected by helmet, breastplate and leg guards | 126 | |
| 4967212853 | Key to victory was | Maintains formation while breaking enemies line | 127 | |
| 4967218639 | Greek states defended by armies of | PRIVATE citizens (farmers) no special training needed | 128 | |
| 4967224468 | Campaigns took place | When farmers were available | 129 | |
| 4967233349 | Expanding population surpassed capacity of small plains | Many communities sent excess population to establish independent colonies | 130 | |
| 4967236845 | People saw this as | 1. Lot and forbidden path to death 2. Opportunity to escape poverty 3.avoid fam constraints 4.find adventure 5.sought fortunes at frontier | 131 | |
| 4967251110 | After approval from Apollo from Delphi | Colonists departed, carrrying fire from hearth of mother city (symbol of kinship and religious ties that connects two communities) | 132 | |
| 4967260673 | Hellenes | Greeks distinguished themselves from barnaroi | 133 | |
| 4967272301 | Developments of differnt practices first appeared after colonial world traveled back home | Urban planning, new forms of political organization and new intellectual currents | 134 | |
| 4967274671 | Coinage invented in Lydia | Early sixth century B.C.E. | 135 | |
| 4967280280 | Coin was a | Piece of metal whose weight and purity and value guarantee by state | 136 | |
| 4967285597 | Silver, gold and bronze | Attractive choices for medium of exchange (rare to be valuable, lightweight and portable, indestructible and peranent) | 137 | |
| 4967291148 | Coinage allowed | -Rapid exchange of goods and effiecnt record keeping and storage of wealth -stimulated trade and increase wealth of society | 138 | |
| 4967303268 | reducing surplus population | Colonization helped relieve pressures within Archaic Greek communities | 139 | |
| 4967312775 | Kings ruled Dark Ages (sources Homer's Iliad and Odyssey) | But council composed of heads of noble fam superseded kings | 140 | |
| 4967329765 | Tyrant | Person who seized and held power in violation of normal political traditions of community gained control | 141 | |
| 4967335890 | Greek tyrants | Disgruntled and ambitious of aristocracy who were backed by middle class | 142 | |
| 4967342465 | Tyrants were | Unwitting catalysts in evolving political process and somepassed positions to sons but eventually rejected | 143 | |
| 4967346657 | Oligarchy | Exercise of political privilege by wealthy members of society | 144 | |
| 4967353309 | Democracy | Exercise of political power by all free adult MALE | 145 | |
| 4967361138 | Ancestors of Greek brought | Sky-gods with them and entered Greece | 146 | |
| 4967365765 | Male gods predominated but | Female deities had important roles | 147 | |
| 4967372446 | Homeric gods wee anthropomorphic | Conceived as human like appearance and in displays of emotion but are immortal | 148 | |
| 4967379577 | Worship of gods | Expression of civic identity | 149 | |
| 4967381315 | Sacrifice | Central ritual of Greek religion, performed at altars in front of temples that Greeks built to be Gods places of residence | 150 | |
| 4967389701 | Greeks gave gods gifts | In hope that the gods would favor and protect them | 151 | |
| 4967395895 | Group of people would kill one or more animals Spray altar with victims blood, burn parts of body | so roma would ascend gods on high and enjoy feast of meat | 152 | |
| 4967402955 | Geeks sought for | Advice or predictions of future from oracles | 153 | |
| 4967404823 | Oracles | Sacred sites where they believed gods communicated with humans | 154 | |
| 4967409524 | Oracle of Apollo at Delphi in central Greece | Most prestigious | 155 | |
| 4967411693 | Popular woship | Fertility cult, members worshipped and sought to enhance productive forces in nature | 156 | |
| 4967418648 | Lyric poetry | Short verses in which subject matter is intensely personal drawn from experience of poet and expressing his or her feelings | 157 | |
| 4967422826 | Archilochus | Soldier and poet | 158 | |
| 4967430072 | Xenophanes | Called into question the kind of gods that Homer popularized | 159 | |
| 4967436238 | Early philosophers concerned | with how world was crated, made of and why changes occur | 160 | |
| 4967439257 | Logographers (first to write in prose) | Writers of prose accounts, took advantage of infine capacity of writing to store info, gather data on topics, ethnography, geography of unfamiliar lands, foundation stories of cities and origins of fam | 161 | |
| 4967450073 | Prose | Language of everyday speech | 162 | |
| 4967452538 | Historia | Term for method used to collect, sort and select information | 163 | |
| 4967456148 | Herodotus | Published his Histories; filled with geographic and ethnographic reports, legends and marvels dear to logographers | 164 | |
| 4967477053 | Two preeminent city-states | Athens and Sparta | 165 |
