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| 5818626918 | Etruscans | culture that ruled Rome prior to republic; ruled through powerful kings and well organized armies; expelled by romans in 510 bce | 0 | |
| 5818626919 | Consuls | two chief executives or magistrates of the roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 1 | |
| 5818626920 | legion | the principal unit of the Roman army, comprising of 5,000 infantry and 120 cavalry; auxiliary troops, too, were often united under the same command during military operations. | 2 | |
| 5818626921 | Hannibal | great carthaginian general during second punic war; successfully invaded italy but failed to conquer rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 3 | |
| 5818626922 | Marius | successful roman general who introduced the concept of using paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen conscripts; created military force with personal loyalties to commander | 4 | |
| 5818626923 | Julius Caesar | roman general responsible for conquest of gaul; brought army back to rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 bce by conservative senators | 5 | |
| 5818626924 | Horace | poet who adapted greek poetic meters to the latin language; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire; patronized by augustus | 6 | |
| 5818626925 | Trajan | roman emperor that instituted more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting of expansion of empire to its greatest limits | 7 | |
| 5818626926 | Senate | assembly of roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the roman constitution | 8 | |
| 5818626927 | clientage | the social relationship whereby wealthy roman landowners offered protection and financial aid to lesser citizens in return for political support and labor | 9 | |
| 5818626928 | Carthage | originally a phoenician colony in northern africa; became a major port and commercial power in thw western mediterranean; fought the punic wars with rime for dominance of the western mediterranean | 10 | |
| 5818626929 | republic | A form of democracy where a select few individuals are elected to represent majority of the population in everyday government. | 11 | |
| 5818626930 | Sulla | conservative military commander during last century bce; attempted to reinforce powers of the senate and to undo influence of marius | 12 | |
| 5818626931 | Pompey | A Roman military general favored by the Patricians, and brief ally of Julius Caesar. He was assassinated by King Ptolemy XIII in Egypt fleeing from Caesar. | 13 | |
| 5818626932 | Livy | roman historian who linked empire to traditions of republican past; stressed republican virtues popular in early empire | 14 | |
| 5818626933 | Jesus of Nazareth | A young jew who tried to spread the word of God. He was persecuted by the Romans for his beliefs resulting in his crucification. | 15 | |
| 5818626934 | plebeians | The general body of Roman (non-wealthy) citizens, as opposed to the patricians. | 16 | |
| 5818626935 | Paul | The leader of the Christian church after Jesus. | 17 | |
| 5818626936 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Carthage and Rome. Rome decisively won all three wars resulting in the destruction of Carthage after Third Punic War. | 18 | |
| 5818626937 | tribunes | 10 members elected to protect the rights of the plebeians from the patricians. | 19 | |
| 5818626938 | Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | Brothers who questioned the authority of the Senate. They inevitably are credited with starting the fall of the Roman Republic c. 130 BCE. | 20 | |
| 5818626939 | Virgil | credited with writing the adventures of Aeneas and the discovery of Rome by Romulus and Remus. | 21 | |
| 5818626940 | Ovid | controversial poet that lived during Augustus' time. | 22 | |
| 5818626941 | bishops | Second highest rank in the Catholic church. | 23 |
