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| 221524116 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights. | 0 | |
| 221524117 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad an acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads. | 1 | |
| 221524118 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunni; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids. | 2 | |
| 221524119 | Crusades | Invasion of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem in the First Crusade and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291. | 3 | |
| 221524120 | Saladin | 12-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. Famous in the Third Crusade along with Richard the Lionhearted of England. | 4 | |
| 221524121 | Ibn Khaldun | Great Muslim Historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history. | 5 | |
| 221524122 | Rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine. | 6 | |
| 221524123 | al-Razi | Classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral. | 7 | |
| 221524124 | al-Biruni | 11th-century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals. | 8 | |
| 221524125 | Ulama | Islamic religions scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking. | 9 | |
| 221524126 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions. | 10 | |
| 221524127 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions. | 11 | |
| 221524128 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph. | 12 | |
| 221524129 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire. | 13 | |
| 221524130 | Arabic Numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West. | 14 | |
| 221524131 | Harsha | 7th-century north Indian ruler; built a large state that declined after his death in 646. | 15 | |
| 221524132 | Bhaktic Cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses - especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali. | 16 | |
| 221524133 | Mira Bai | Low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults of Hinduism. | 17 | |
| 221524134 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. | 18 | |
| 221524135 | Malacca | FLourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. | 19 | |
| 221524136 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions. | 20 | |
| 221524137 | Latten Sails | Large triangular sails that are attached to the masts by long booms or yard arms which extend diagonally high across both the fore and art portions of the ship. | 21 | |
| 221524138 | Sultan | Word meaning "victorious"; came to designate Muslim rulers. | 22 | |
| 221524139 | Holy Land | The region of present-day Israel; includes the city of Jerusalem, which is a holy city to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. | 23 | |
| 221524140 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khahan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world. | 24 | |
| 221524141 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinngis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257. | 25 | |
| 221524142 | Mamluks | Turkic slave-warriors who ruled Egypt and defeated the Mongols to prevent their entry into northern Africa. | 26 | |
| 221524143 | Rajas | Term used for Hindu kings. | 27 | |
| 221524144 | Sultans of Delhi | Title of the Islamic imperial houses of India, which literally means princes of the heartland. | 28 |
