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| 7718380802 | Who are the arabs | a semitic speaking people of south west asia | 0 | |
| 7718383754 | how far back are the Arabs mentioned? | in Greek sources in 500 b.c.e and the old testament | 1 | |
| 7718386236 | Bedouin Arabs | nomadic peoples who came originally from the Northern Part of the peninsula | 2 | |
| 7718389347 | Sheikh and Majlis | Sheikh- ruling member of Bedouin Arab tribe Majlis- a council of elders | 3 | |
| 7718394308 | when did the Arabs begin the Caravan trade with what animals | camels in 2nd millennium b.c.e | 4 | |
| 7718397649 | Pre-Islamic Arabs religion | -polytheistic -allah was presiding over them -no priesthood -supreme deity symbolized by a sacred stone | 5 | |
| 7718401532 | special black meteorite called the ________ was housed in Mecca and had sacred qualities | Ka'aba | 6 | |
| 7718404002 | when did Arabian importance grow | 5th or 6th century c.e (relations between the Bedouins and wealthy became strained) | 7 | |
| 7718408944 | Muhammad's life | born in Mecca and orphaned at 6. Grew up to become a caravan manager. Married a rich widow (Khadija) who was his employer | 8 | |
| 7718413674 | why did Muhammad begin his meditation | because the growing gap between Bedouin values and behavior of the affluent commercial elites troubled him | 9 | |
| 7718418247 | Muhammad's revelation | -encountered the angel Gabriel -believed that Allah revealed himself in Jews and Christians but finally in him | 10 | |
| 7718419917 | Qur'an | holy scriptures of Islam. Contains guidelines for Muslims | 11 | |
| 7718422101 | after 3 years of Muhammad's preaching how many followers did he have | 30 | 12 | |
| 7718426486 | Hegira | -marks the first day on the calendar of Islam -in 622 when Muhammad and his supporters headed north to Yathrib (now Medina) "City of Prophet" | 13 | |
| 7718430687 | What did Muhammad do in Yathrib | he formed the first Muslim community from residents and Bedouins. He then returned home, conquered Mecca and converted the people there | 14 | |
| 7718433389 | Umma | first Muslim Community | 15 | |
| 7718435281 | what did Muhammad do in 630 | he visited the Ka'aba where he declared it a sacred shrine and destroyed the other 2 idols | 16 | |
| 7718442352 | why is Muhammad different from other prophets in other religions | He was just a prophet. Not a God or anything else. | 17 | |
| 7718444314 | Muhammads teachings on afterlife | those who hope to achieve it must subject themselves to Allah | 18 | |
| 7718447084 | what is at the heart of Islam | the Qur'an. There is no God but Allah with Muhammad as his prophet | 19 | |
| 7718451141 | how many suras (chapters) are in the Sacred Book of Islam (Qur'an) | 114 | 20 | |
| 7718452017 | What are the 5 pillars of Islam | 1. belief in Allah and Muhammad 2. Standard prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Friday 3. observation of the Holy Month of Ramadan (fasting) 4. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your life 5. giving alms (zakat) to the poor | 21 | |
| 7718458815 | Ulama and Shari'a | the Ulama was a panel of Muslim scholars who made a law code called the Shari'a | 22 | |
| 7718459976 | Hadith | a collection of sayings of the prophet that was used to supplement the revelations contained in Holy Scriptures | 23 | |
| 7718465299 | strict behaviors in Muslim belief | forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, and be dishonest | 24 | |
| 7718468086 | men and women beliefs in Muslims | -contacts between unmarried men and women are discouraged -marriages are arranged -polygyny was allowed but only up to 4 wives | 25 | |
| 7718471872 | true or false. The veracity and truth to the Qur'an is debatable | true | 26 | |
| 7718477575 | Did Muslims see a separation between political and religious authority | no | 27 | |
| 7718478873 | what was the problem with Muhammads successor | he had no sons, only daughters. He didn't pick anyone to follow him | 28 | |
| 7718483468 | Who became the next Caliph after Muhammad | Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father in law) became the next Caliph (successor) | 29 | |
| 7718486126 | Caliph | a political or religious leader (inam) | 30 | |
| 7718493795 | what type of strategy did Muhammad use in times of struggle | a tribal custom called razzia (raid) | 31 | |
| 7718496437 | how was Razzia sometimes translated as | Striving in the way of the lord, Jihad, Holy War, Crusade | 32 | |
| 7718502910 | Muslim conquering | -636 Muslims defeat Byzantine on Yarmuk River (four years later took over Syria) -conquered Sassinids by 650 | 33 | |
| 7718508241 | valor of Muslim army was enhanced by what belief? | when you died on the battle field you went to paradise | 34 | |
| 7718512594 | After being conquered by Muslims did you have to convert? | it was voluntary. If you didn't convert you were to submit to Muslim rule and pay a tax in return for exemption from military service | 35 | |
| 7718517865 | who became Caliph following Abu | Umar (but some people wanted Ali, Muhammads cousin, to be a caliph. He was ignored) | 36 | |
| 7718521057 | what happened to the Caliph in 656 | Umars successor, Uthman, was assassinated and Ali was promoted (many believed it was Ali's doing) | 37 | |
| 7718529272 | what happened to Ali in 661 | he was assassinated. Mu'awiya replaced him. He then made the position hereditary | 38 | |
| 7718531029 | how long were the Umayyads in power | for almost a century after Mu'awiya | 39 | |
| 7718538521 | when did the Muslims first meet their match | in France. Battle of Tours was the high water mark of arab expansion | 40 | |
| 7718547275 | How did the Byzantines attack back in 717 | they used a petroleum based compound containing quickline and sulfur (a greek fire weapon) to destroy the Muslim fleet | 41 | |
| 7718560578 | what did Hussein (Ali's 2nd son) create and why | the Shi'ites because he questioned the legitimacy of the Umayyads . | 42 | |
| 7718566394 | how did the Umayyads contribute to their own downfall? | by having decadent behavior | 43 | |
| 7718568817 | when and by who were the Umayyads overthrown | revolt led by Abu Al-Abba's (750; descendant of Muhammads uncle) created the Abbasid Dynasty (now iraq) | 44 | |
| 7718582981 | Abbasids changes to society | -broke down distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims -all could do civil and military work -arabs intermarried | 45 | |
| 7718589129 | when was the Abbasid capital city built and where | 762 in Baghdad which encouraged a new cultural orientation | 46 | |
| 7718594902 | best known caliph of Abbasid | 9th century. Harun al Rashid or Harun "The Upright" whose reign is the golden age | 47 | |
| 7718599947 | Al-Ma Mum | Harun Al Rashid (Harun "The Upright") son. He was a patron of learning. He established a solar observatory and Greek translations. | 48 | |
| 7719658877 | A change in the Caliph rule came about during the Abbasid ruling. What were some of these changes? | -became much more regal -assisted by a council (diwan) with a prime minister (Vizier) -Caliph did not attend Diwan meetings | 49 | |
| 7719666566 | what weakened the caliphate in competition with potential rivals? | lack of spiritual authority | 50 | |
| 7719669654 | What did the death of Harun lead to? | his sons, Amin and Al-Ma'mun, fought and led to civil war which destroyed Baghdad | 51 | |
| 7719686788 | true or false. Under Hashemite clan, divorce was common, homosexuality was practiced, and alcohol was consumed in public. (all against their beliefs) | true | 52 | |
| 7719689595 | how did non arabs become dominant under the Hashemite Clan? | they needed people for the army so they started to use non arabs | 53 | |
| 7719694167 | what dynasty established in 973 | a new Shi'ite dynasty under the Fatimids in Egypt | 54 | |
| 7719697241 | how was the Islamic world held together during times of falling apart? | the Arabic Language and the Qur'an | 55 | |
| 7719699383 | The Seljuk Turks | nomadic peoples from central asia who converted to Islam and flourished as military mercenaries (mounted archers) | 56 | |
| 7719714229 | what happened with the Turks in 1053 | a Turkish leader captures Baghdad and then became sultan | 57 | |
| 7719726692 | true or false. When the Turks took over Baghdad, the Abbasids remained cheif representatives of Sunni religious authority but the real military and political power came from the Seljuks | true | 58 | |
| 7719726693 | what led to the crusades | when the Byzantines challenged the turks and turned to the west for help | 59 | |
| 7719731280 | Were turks peaceful or barbarians | barbarians | 60 | |
| 7719735417 | under Seljuk rule, Muslims began to organize themselves into____ | brotherhoods | 61 | |
| 7719736759 | Hasan Al Sabahh | a cairo trained persian who formed a rebel group known as the assassins. (eliminated by the mongols in the 13th century) | 62 | |
| 7719742973 | how did Alexius 1 get help against the Muslims in the 11th century | he lied and said that Muslims were doing horrible atrocities and were threatening them. | 63 | |
| 7719746477 | crusades | beginning in 1096 until the 13th century, a series of christian raids on Islam brought the holy land and adjacent areas on the Mediterranean coast from antioch in the Sinai Peninsula under Christian rule | 64 | |
| 7719759668 | the end of the Fatimid dynasty | 1169. Sunni Muslims, under Saladin, end them and he is named sultan | 65 | |
| 7719764517 | Saladin and christians | he destroyed christian leaders in 1187. He did allow Christians to live and practice if they wanted. Now christians were no longer a significant force in the Middle East | 66 | |
| 7719775739 | who seized control over the known world in the 13th century | the Mongols | 67 | |
| 7719775740 | who began the Mongols | Genghis Khan | 68 | |
| 7719794658 | were mongols muslim | no (although some did end up converting, as a whole they were not) | 69 | |
| 7719799916 | what happened to the Mongols in the 14th century | they split into separate kingdoms and disintegrated | 70 | |
| 7719806769 | where was a new center of Islamic Civilization | in Cairo which was about to promote a renaissance in Muslim culture under the Malmuks | 71 | |
| 7719829433 | who and when ended the byzantine empire | Sultan Mehmet the 2nd in 1453 | 72 | |
| 7719836847 | who was Abd Al-Rathman | he escaped in Damascus and was on his way to Spain where there was Muslim power. In 756 he legitimized his authority and took the title Emur (commander) | 73 | |
| 7719841757 | Andalusia | capital was Cordoba. Under Abd Al-Rathman in Spain. Eventually became part of a large trading network | 74 | |
| 7719850870 | what cities were born in Andalusia | Cordoba, Seville and Toledo | 75 | |
| 7719855455 | what was the official religion in Andalusia | Islam. Non muslims were encouraged to convert as a means of furthering their career | 76 | |
| 7719859262 | what did the Policy of Convivencia provide | an environment for Christians and Jews to maintain their beliefs and obtain favors from the court | 77 | |
| 7719898319 | when was the Palace of Cordoba destroyed | in 1009. 200 years later the last Caliphate disappeared | 78 | |
| 7719908423 | a christian king named Alfonso VI seized Toledo so Muslim rulers in Selville called on who to stop them from coming any further | the Almuravids (The Berber Dynasty) | 79 | |
| 7719912995 | The Almuravids | the destroyed the Christians under Alfonso VI and established their own rule. They brought an end to religious tolerance | 80 | |
| 7719930437 | the New crusade in 1215 | Pope Innocent the third called for this new crusade. they seized cities Seville and Cordoba but the mountain city of Granada with a fortress remained | 81 | |
| 7719939515 | true or false. Humans should revise the Qur'an as they see fit | false. Humans never should revise it | 82 | |
| 7719947011 | the Islamic doctrine should be consulted on... only religious matters or everything? | everything (politics, religion, social practices, etc. ) | 83 | |
| 7719965394 | when was Baghdad the greatest city in the Empire | under the Abbasids | 84 | |
| 7719967206 | when was Cairo the greatest city in the Empire | under the Fatimids | 85 | |
| 7719970099 | in powerful cities in the empire how were people segregated ? | by religion | 86 | |
| 7719972838 | in what houses did Bedouins live | they lived in tents | 87 | |
| 7719975017 | where did the bulk of the Arabian population live | in the country side | 88 | |
| 7719979088 | what meat did the Arabs not eat | pork | 89 | |
| 7719980484 | who introduced pasta to the italians | arabs | 90 | |
| 7719985974 | what is the most impressive urban building in cities in the Arabian empire | palace for Caliphs and a Great Mosque | 91 | |
| 7719997446 | which society was one of the most egalitarian of its time | the arab society | 92 | |
| 7719999103 | slavery in arab society | -wide spread -employed in army or as domestic servants -could buy own freedom | 93 | |
| 7720006909 | the islamic principle of equality fell short of ______ | women | 94 | |
| 7720008776 | women in arab society | -polygyny was allowed -divorce was only allowed for men -had to cover up all parts of their body -forbidden from social interactions with men outside the family | 95 | |
| 7720017579 | harem | members drawn from non-muslim females throughout the empire | 96 | |
| 7720028156 | eventually __________ became an international language | arabic | 97 | |
| 7720031788 | where were key works by aristotle, plato and others kept (when translated into Arabic) | in "the house of wisdom" in Baghdad | 98 | |
| 7720040183 | what did Justinian do in the 6th century c.e. | he was a Byzantine ruler who shut down the Platonic academy so many of the scholars fled to Baghdad | 99 | |
| 7720050645 | when did paper factories first appear in Baghdad | end of the 8th century. this led to dissemination of Islamic culture | 100 | |
| 7720055252 | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | he cited Aristotle. He said the world operated not only at the will of Allah but also its own natural laws | 101 | |
| 7720062873 | influence of Greek philosophy died in the 11th century. Who undertook Greek translation | Averroes and Maimonides | 102 | |
| 7720087942 | Islamic math/science contributions | -adopted and passed on numerical system including the number 0 -algebra (founded by a persian) -arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals in 13th century -observatory set up in Baghdad | 103 | |
| 7720095849 | astrolabe | instrument to help sailors use stars to navigate. This helped trading routes | 104 | |
| 7720100460 | what did Avicenna do | he compiled a medical encyclopedia that among other things emphasized the contagious nature of certain diseases and spread through water | 105 | |
| 7720108792 | there was no arabic language until the 4th century. how were records and poems kept | they were memorized | 106 | |
| 7720110683 | monument of persian literature | book of lords | 107 | |
| 7720113197 | what do muslims regard the greatest work in literature | the Qur'an | 108 | |
| 7720115897 | book of kings | persian book of poems. | 109 | |
| 7720117748 | Rabe'a of Quzdar | first Persian Poet | 110 | |
| 7720122330 | most famous works of literature in the west | 1. Rubaiyat (written by Omar Khayyam) 2. Tales from 1001 Nights (Arabian Nights) both of these were favored by Europeans | 111 | |
| 7720127420 | Omar Khayyam | little is known on this poet. He combined poetry with math and science. Revised the calendar. Never wrote his poems down but were memorized. | 112 | |
| 7720136129 | themes of Omar Khayyam's poems | down to earth. Impermanence of life, impossibility of knowing God and disbelief in the afterlife | 113 | |
| 7720141579 | most famous of the stories from Arabian nights | Aladdin and the Magic Lamp | 114 | |
| 7720145315 | Saudi | Persian Shakespeare. a favorite author in Iran. wrote Rose Garden and sonnet like love poems. master at art pithy maxim | 115 | |
| 7720149647 | art pithy maxim | 1 line witty observation on life | 116 | |
| 7720183576 | sufism | a form of religious belief that called for a mystical relationship between Allah and humans | 117 | |
| 7720185910 | Rumi | -abandoned Islam and converted to Sufism -believed reaching God was through love, not intellect | 118 | |
| 7720190728 | Al-Mas'udi | born in Baghdad in 846. First great Islamic historian. He wrote Meadows of gold which is a source for the golden age | 119 | |
| 7720199642 | Ibn Khaldun | equaled al-mas'udi and tried to combine philosophy and history. | 120 | |
| 7720210762 | where is the ultimate expression of Islamic art found | in magnificent architectural monuments beginning late 7th century | 121 | |
| 7720215087 | The Done of the Rock (Jerusalem) | one of the most revered Islamic monuments | 122 | |
| 7720333791 | how did the first arabs pray | in an open court along a qibla (later mosques were created) | 123 | |
| 7720340586 | Great Mosque of Samarra | 10 acres, 464 pillars. Largest mosque every built | 124 | |
| 7720345484 | Qibla wall | has a niche (mihrab) containing a decorated panel representing allah | 125 | |
| 7720347928 | muezzin | crier who calls to prayer 5 times a day | 126 | |
| 7720355379 | domiciles were reminiscent of ______ design | roman | 127 | |
| 7720359336 | Alhambra in Spain | ultimate remaining Islamic Palace in the 14th century. creates a fairy tale castle feel. very intricate and floral. the lion court in the center of the harem is world renown for its lion fountain and columns | 128 | |
| 7720368296 | what were rugs initially used for and what were they eventually used for | insulate stone palaces; religious purposes since they have to pray five times a day on clean ground | 129 | |
| 7720373915 | girls jobs | -weaving rugs -at 4 she will prepare wool -6 learns how to actually weave a rug -an important part of a womens dowry to her husband | 130 | |
| 7720380300 | decorations on rugs in Islam society | decorations were arabic script or natural plants. | 131 | |
| 7720384642 | arabesques | repeated geometrical patterns covering the entire rug | 132 | |
| 7720389895 | true or false. representation of Muhammad is encouraged | false! | 133 | |
| 7720389950 | who used calligraphy | Persians | 134 | |
| 7720398947 | in the 13th century a mongol dynasty was established in Tabriz. What did this do? | it gave the Islam communities contact with art of East Asia | 135 | |
| 7720402714 | mongol art freed islamic painters of what | traditional confinement | 136 | |
| 7720406106 | most famous paintings of Tabriz school | Ferdowzis "Book of Kings" expressing a new realistic concern for individual human qualities | 137 | |
| 7720412765 | Chinese art gave Islamic artists what? | a sense of space | 138 | |
| 7720414572 | artists working in Herat style often depicted? | mountain warriors | 139 | |
| 7748869224 | Shari'a | Shari'a law is Islamic law. It is a list of principles that form part of the islamic tradition | 140 |
