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| 3890123918 | lateen | triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long boons, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship | 0 | |
| 3890165052 | al-Mahdi | (r.775-785) third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession | 1 | |
| 3890190594 | Harun al-Rashid | one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era | 2 | |
| 3890210338 | Buyids | regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasid as figureheads | 3 | |
| 3890247008 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 4 | |
| 3890281058 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 5 | |
| 3890323735 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 6 | |
| 3890339527 | Ibn Khaldun | (1332-1406) muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generation - strong, weak, dissolute | 7 | |
| 3890380821 | Shah-Nama | written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 8 | |
| 3892397827 | ulama | orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 9 | |
| 3892411393 | al-Ghazali | (1058-1111) brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 10 | |
| 3892422680 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic people; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captures Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 11 | |
| 3892440479 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as for west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world | 12 | |
| 3892466986 | Hulegu | (1217-1265) ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 13 | |
| 3892489462 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 14 | |
| 3892500094 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | (661-750) Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 15 | |
| 3892510299 | Mahmud of Ghazni | (971-1030) third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 16 | |
| 3892531028 | Muhammad of Ghur | (1173-1206) military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought mush of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 17 | |
| 3892550649 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sutton of India (r.1206-1210) | 18 | |
| 3892568882 | bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 19 | |
| 3892584752 | Mira Bai | (1498-1547) celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 20 | |
| 3892591320 | Kabir | (1440-1518) Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 21 | |
| 3892618845 | Shrivijaya | trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall open up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 22 | |
| 3892636326 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands | 23 | |
| 3892675212 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports | 24 |
