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| 7171109026 | civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. | 0 | |
| 7171109027 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. | 1 | |
| 7171109028 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 2 | |
| 7171109029 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 3 | |
| 7171109030 | ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. | 4 | |
| 7171109031 | city-state | A form of political organizations typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | 5 | |
| 7171109032 | Babylonians | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | 6 | |
| 7171109033 | Hammurabi | The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law. | 7 | |
| 7171109034 | pharaoh | Title of kings of ancient Egypt. | 8 | |
| 7171109035 | pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 9 | |
| 7171109036 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nike c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 10 | |
| 7171109037 | Indus River | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. | 11 | |
| 7171109038 | Harappa | Along with the Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 12 | |
| 7171109039 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. | 13 | |
| 7171109040 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 14 | |
| 7171109041 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries of B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form. | 15 | |
| 7171109042 | Ramayana | One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 7171109043 | Upanishads | Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. | 17 | |
| 7171109044 | Yellow River | Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. | 18 | |
| 7171109045 | ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | 19 | |
| 7171109046 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 20 | |
| 7171109047 | Olmecs | People of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. | 21 | |
| 7171109048 | Chavín de Huantar | Chavin culture appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs. | 22 | |
| 7171109049 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 23 | |
| 7171109050 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. | 24 |
