Terms : Hide Images
| 5086771616 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age ending in 12000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 0 | |
| 5086771617 | Homo Sapiens | The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 1 | |
| 5086771618 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 5086771619 | Neolithic revolution | The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500 BCE-3500 BCE | 3 | |
| 5086771620 | Hunting and gathering | The original human economy, eclipsed by agriculture groups hunt for meat and forage grains, nuts and berries | 4 | |
| 5086771621 | Bronze Age | From about 4000BCE , when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500BCE when iron began to replace it | 5 | |
| 5086771622 | Slash and burn agriculture | Cultivation system used by shifting cultivators; clear forest floor with fire, then plant | 6 | |
| 5086771623 | Band | Social organization of 20-30 nomadic hunter-gatherers that divided labor based on gender | 7 | |
| 5086771624 | Civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and job specialization, existence of non farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 8 | |
| 5086771625 | Nomads | Cattle/sheep-herding societies found on edges of civilized societies; referred to as barbarians | 9 | |
| 5086771626 | City-state | Political organization used by Mesopotamia; Agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king | 10 | |
| 5086771627 | Pharoah | King of ancient Egypt | 11 | |
| 5086771628 | Pyramids | Old Kingdom Egypt monuments used as burial sites for pharaohs | 12 | |
| 5086771629 | Oracles | Chinese shamans who foretold future thru interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 13 | |
| 5086771630 | Ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts | 14 | |
| 5086771631 | Monotheism | Exclusive worship of single god, introduced by Jews into Western civilization | 15 | |
| 5086771632 | Çatal Hüyük | An early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had a greater degree of social stratification | 16 | |
| 5086771633 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 17 | |
| 5086771634 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 18 | |
| 5086771635 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 19 | |
| 5086771636 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 20 | |
| 5086771637 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E. | 21 | |
| 5086771638 | Hammurabi | The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for the codification of law | 22 | |
| 5086771639 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 23 | |
| 5086771640 | Indus River Valley | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian sea; location of Harappan civilization | 24 | |
| 5086771641 | Harappa | Along with Mohenjo-Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 25 | |
| 5086771642 | Mohenjo-Daro | Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 26 | |
| 5086771643 | Yellow River | Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China | 27 | |
| 5086771644 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE | 28 | |
| 5086771645 | Phoenicians | A seafaring people of southwest Asia who around 1100 B.C. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region | 29 | |
| 5086771646 | Zhou | Originally vassal family of Shang China, possibly Turkic; 1122-256BCE, overthrew Shang and established 2nd historical Chinese dynasty | 30 | |
| 5086771647 | Shi Huangdi | 221BCE, founder of Qin Dynasty | 31 | |
| 5086771648 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out northern nomadic invaders from the north; Started by Shi Huangdi | 32 | |
| 5086771649 | Qin Dynasty | 221-207BCE, established at end of Warring States after decline of Zhou dynasty | 33 | |
| 5086771650 | Han Dynasty | 202BCE, succeeded Qin and ruled for next 400 years | 34 | |
| 5086771651 | Confucius | Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi | 35 | |
| 5086771652 | Buddha | Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born 6th century BCE as a son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things | 36 | |
| 5086771653 | Alexander the Great | Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture | 37 | |
| 5086771654 | Himalayas | Mountain region marking northern border of India; Site of Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics | 38 | |
| 5086771655 | Monsoons | Seasonal winds crossing India and se Asia that bring rain in summer | 39 | |
| 5086771656 | Aryans | Indo-Europeans who replaced Harappan civilization; Militarized society; Encouraged tight levels of village organization; Originally hunters and herders; Extended agriculture to Ganges | 40 | |
| 5086771657 | Sanskrit | Sacred and classical Indian language | 41 | |
| 5086771658 | Vedas | Hymns to gods composed for religious and philosophical speculation; 4 ancient books of Aryan religious traditions in which the origins of Hinduism can be found | 42 | |
| 5086771659 | Mahabharata | Classical India epic of war about princely honor, love, and sacred duty written down in last centuries BCE | 43 | |
| 5086771660 | Ramayana | Classical India epic about King Rama and his wife Sita written 4th - 2nd centuries BCE | 44 | |
| 5086771661 | Upanishads | Later books of Vedas; Contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; Used by Brahmans to restore religious authority | 45 | |
| 5086771662 | Varnas | Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; 4 social castes: Brahmins (priests), Warriors, Merchants, Peasants, Untouchables (outcasts) | 46 | |
| 5086771663 | Untouchables | Low social caste in Hindu culture; Performed "pollution tasks" - street sweeping, human waste removal, tanning | 47 | |
| 5086771664 | Indra | Chief deity of Aryan, colossal, hard-drinking warrior | 48 | |
| 5086771665 | Chandragupta Maurya | Founder of Maurya dynasty; Established first empire in Indian subcontinent | 49 | |
| 5086771666 | Maurya Dynasty | Established in India in 4th century BCE after invasion of Alexander the Great | 50 | |
| 5086771667 | Ashoka | Chandragupta Maurya's grandson; Completed conquests of India; Converted to Buddhism, sponsored spread throughout the empire | 51 | |
| 5086771668 | Dharma | Caste position and career determined by person's birth; Hinduism required accept social position and perform job as well as possible in order to have better situation in next life | 52 | |
| 5086771669 | Kushans | Africans that developed along upper Nile circa 1000 BCE; Conquered Egypt and ruled for several centuries | 53 | |
| 5086771670 | Guptas | Dynasty in 3rd century CE after Kushans; Built empire that extended to all but southern India; Less centralized than Mauryan Empire | 54 | |
| 5086771671 | Kautilya | Chandragupta's political advisor who believed in scientific application of warfare | 55 | |
| 5086771672 | Gurus | Originally called Brahmans; Served as teachers for princes of imperial court of Guptas | 56 | |
| 5086771673 | Vishnu | Hindu god of sacrifice | 57 | |
| 5086771674 | Shiva | Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; Worshipped as personification of cosmic forces of change | 58 | |
| 5086771675 | Reincarnation | Hindu idea in which souls do not die when the body dies, but pass into other beings, either human or animal, depending on whether you have a good/bad life | 59 | |
| 5086771676 | Nirvana | Buddhist state of enlightenment, state of tranquility | 60 | |
| 5086771677 | Kamasutra | Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era Offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, wife selection, and love-making | 61 | |
| 5086771678 | Stuppas | Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and relics of Buddha; Preserved Buddhist architectural forms | 62 | |
| 5086771679 | Scholar-Gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 63 | |
| 5086771680 | Polis | City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE | 64 | |
| 5086771681 | Socrates | Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 65 | |
| 5086771682 | Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature | 66 | |
| 5086771683 | Aristotle | 384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 67 | |
| 5086771684 | Sophocles | 494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex | 68 | |
| 5086771685 | Iliad and Odyssey | Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths | 69 | |
| 5086771686 | Pythagoras | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today | 70 | |
| 5086771687 | Galen | Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices | 71 | |
| 5086771688 | Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time | 72 | |
| 5086771689 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth | 73 | |
| 5086771690 | Sappho | One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love | 74 | |
| 5086771691 | Battle of Marathon | 490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades | 75 | |
| 5086771692 | King Xerxes | 486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea | 76 | |
| 5086771693 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army | 77 | |
| 5086771694 | Battle of Thermopylae | 480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion | 78 | |
| 5086771695 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War | 79 | |
| 5086771696 | Peloponnesian Wars | 431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece | 80 | |
| 5086771697 | Cyrus the Great | By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire | 81 | |
| 5086771698 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire | 82 | |
| 5086771699 | Philip II of Macedon | Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 83 | |
| 5086771700 | Alexander the Great | Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture | 84 | |
| 5086771701 | Hellenistic Period | Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 85 | |
| 5086771702 | Alexandria, Egypt | Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies | 86 | |
| 5086771703 | Julius Caesar | Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 87 | |
| 5086771704 | Diocletian | 284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection | 88 | |
| 5086771705 | Constantine | 312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire | 89 | |
| 5086771706 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 90 | |
| 5086771707 | Roman Republic | 510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies | 91 | |
| 5086771708 | Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution | 92 | |
| 5086771709 | Consuls | 2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 93 | |
| 5086771710 | Twelve Tables | 450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic | 94 | |
| 5086771711 | Carthage | Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars | 95 | |
| 5086771712 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts | 96 | |
| 5086771713 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 97 | |
| 5086771714 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor | 98 | |
| 5086771715 | Vergil | One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid | 99 | |
| 5086771716 | Olympic games | Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 100 | |
| 5086771717 | Tyranny | Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler | 101 | |
| 5086771718 | Aristocracy | Form of government where the rich rule over everyone | 102 | |
| 5086771719 | Direct democracy | People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives | 103 | |
| 5086771720 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery | 104 | |
| 5086771721 | Doric |  | 105 | |
| 5086771722 | Ionic |  | 106 | |
| 5086771723 | Corinthian |  | 107 | |
| 5086771724 | Herodotus | Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories" | 108 | |
| 5086771725 | Axum and Ethiopia | Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both these African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome's fall. | 109 | |
| 5086771726 | Shintoism | Japanese religion that provided for worship of political rulers and spirits of nature. This was the basis for the worship of the Japanese emperor as a religious figure. | 110 | |
| 5086771727 | Olmec Culture | Central America's first civilization (c. 800-400 B.C.E.), which developed agriculture and produced accurate calendars. It powerfully influenced later civilizations in the Americas. | 111 | |
| 5086771728 | Polynesia | Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king. | 112 | |
| 5086771729 | Yellow Turbans | During the decline of classical China, the Yellow Turbans were a Daoist group that promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic. | 113 | |
| 5086771730 | Rajput | Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas. | 114 | |
| 5086771731 | Sahara | Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa | 115 | |
| 5086771732 | Teotihuacan | Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000 | 116 | |
| 5086771733 | Maya | Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and highly developed religion. | 117 | |
| 5086771734 | Inca | Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire | 118 | |
| 5086771735 | Sui | Succeeded Han Emerged from strong northern rulers United all of northern China and reconquered southern China | 119 | |
| 5086771736 | Tang | Succeeded Sui in 618 CE, more stable | 120 | |
| 5086771737 | Devi | Mother Hindu goddess Widely spread after Gupta collapse Encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual | 121 | |
| 5086771738 | Islam | Major world religion having its origin in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 122 | |
| 5086771739 | Allah | Supreme god in strictly monotheistic Islam | 123 | |
| 5086771740 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern half of Roman Empire after West collapsed; Retained Mediterranean culture, mostly Greek; Later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; Capital at Constantinople | 124 | |
| 5086771741 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 125 | |
| 5086771742 | Saint Augustine | 354 - 430 CE, influential church father and theologian; Born in Africa, became bishop of Hippo in Africa; Champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies; Important in long-term development of Christian thought like predestination | 126 | |
| 5086771743 | Coptic Christianity | Sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover | 127 | |
| 5086771744 | Bodishattvas | Buddhist holy men; Built up spiritual merits during lifetimes; Prayers even after death could help people achieve reflected holiness | 128 | |
| 5086771745 | Mahayanna | Chinese version of Buddhism; emphasized Buddha as God or savior | 129 | |
| 5086771746 | Jesus of Nazareth | Prophet and teacher among Jews; Believed by Christians to be Messiah; Executed c. 30 CE | 130 | |
| 5086771747 | Paul | One of first Christian missionaries; Moved away from insistence to follow Jewish law; Use of Greek as language of Church | 131 | |
| 5086771748 | Pope | Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe | 132 | |
| 5086771749 | Benedict of Nursia | Founder of monasticism in what used to be western Roman Empire; Established Benedictine Rule in 6th century; Paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire | 133 | |
| 5086771750 | Animism | Religious outlook that sees gods in aspects of nature and appeased them to help control and explain nature; Typical of Mesopotamian religions | 134 |
