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| 6741472388 | Paleolithic Age | the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 0 | |
| 6741472389 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic. | 1 | |
| 6741472390 | Neolithic Age | the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 2 | |
| 6741472391 | Neolithic revolution | the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 6741472392 | Hunting and gathering | means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization. | 4 | |
| 6741472393 | Çatal Hüyük | early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. | 5 | |
| 6741472394 | Bronze Age | from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing. | 6 | |
| 6741472395 | Nomads | cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. | 7 | |
| 6741472396 | Shi Huangdi | first emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty. | 8 | |
| 6741472397 | Qin | dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period. | 9 | |
| 6741472398 | Han | dynasty succeeding the Qin ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. | 10 | |
| 6741472399 | Zhou | originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic-speaking in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.). | 11 | |
| 6741472400 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi. | 12 | |
| 6741472401 | Confucius | major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. stateless societies: societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states. | 13 | |
| 6741472402 | Ifriqiya | Roman name for present-day Tunisia. | 14 | |
| 6741472403 | Maghrib | Arabic term for northwestern Africa. | 15 | |
| 6741472404 | Almohadis | a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain. | 16 | |
| 6741472405 | juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa. | 17 | |
| 6741472406 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260. | 18 | |
| 6741472407 | griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire. | 19 | |
| 6741472408 | Ibn Batuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world. | 20 | |
| 6741472409 | Timbuktu | Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university. | 21 | |
| 6741472410 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao. | 22 | |
| 6741472411 | Hausa | peoples of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions. | 23 | |
| 6741472412 | Muhammad the Great | extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century. | 24 | |
| 6741472413 | Sharia | Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. | 25 | |
| 6741472414 | Zenj | Arabic term for the east African coast. | 26 | |
| 6741472415 | Benin | powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) that came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. | 27 | |
| 6741472416 | demography | the study of population. | 28 | |
| 6741472417 | demographic transition | shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population, first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century. | 29 | |
| 6741472418 | Kongo | large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo. | 30 | |
| 6741472419 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa. | 31 | |
| 6741472420 | Hagia Sophia | great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian. | 32 | |
| 6741472421 | Belisarius | (c. 505-565); one of Justinian's most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe. | 33 | |
| 6741472422 | Greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople. | 34 | |
| 6741472423 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom in Balkans; constant pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basil II in 1014. | 35 | |
| 6741472424 | icon | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians. | 36 | |
| 6741472425 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic. | 37 | |
| 6741472426 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century. | 38 | |
| 6741472427 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855. | 39 | |
| 6741472428 | Kievan Rus' | the predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to the middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. | 40 | |
| 6741472429 | Vladimir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity. | 41 | |
| 6741472430 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire. | 42 | |
| 6741472431 | Yaroslav | (975-1054); Last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes. | 43 | |
| 6741472432 | boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts. | 44 | |
| 6741472433 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact. | 45 | |
| 6741472434 | Axum | a state in the Ethiopian highlands; received influences from the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity. | 46 | |
| 6741472435 | Ethiopia | kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity. | 47 | |
| 6741472436 | Sahara | desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa. | 48 | |
| 6741472437 | Shintoism | religion of the early Japanese court; included the worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world. | 49 | |
| 6741472438 | Teotihuacan | site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as many as 200,000. | 50 | |
| 6741472439 | Maya | classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion. | 51 | |
| 6741472440 | Inca | group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire. | 52 | |
| 6741472441 | Polynesia | islands contained in a rough triangle with its points at Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island. | 53 | |
| 6741472442 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. | 54 | |
| 6741472443 | Sui | dynasty succeeding the Han; grew from strong rulers in northern China; reunited China. | 55 | |
| 6741472444 | Tang | dynasty succeeding the Sui in 618 C.E. | 56 | |
| 6741472445 | Harsha | ruler who followed Guptas in India; briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 C.E. | 57 | |
| 6741472446 | Rajput | regional military princes in India following the collapse of the Gupta Empire. | 58 | |
| 6741472447 | Devi | mother goddess within Hinduism; devotion to her spread widely after the collapse of the Gupta and encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual. | 59 | |
| 6741472448 | Islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally "submission"; based on prophecy of Muhammad. | 60 | |
| 6741472449 | Diocletian | Roman emperor (284-305 C.E.); restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 61 | |
| 6741472450 | Constantine | Roman emperor (321-337 C.E.); established his capital at Constantinople; used Christianity to unify the empire. | 62 | |
| 6741472451 | Byzantine Empire | eastern half of the Roman Empire; survived until 1453; retained Mediterranean, especially Hellenistic, culture. | 63 | |
| 6741472452 | Augustine (Saint) | North African Christian theologian; made major contributions in incorporating elements of classical philosophy into Christianity. | 64 | |
| 6741472453 | Coptic | Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover. | 65 | |
| 6741472454 | Mahayana | version of Buddhism popular in China; emphasized Buddha's role as a savior. | 66 | |
| 6741472455 | Bodhisattvas | Buddhist holy men who refused advance toward nirvana to receive prayers of the living to help them reach holiness. | 67 | |
| 6741472456 | Jesus of Nazareth | prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E. | 68 | |
| 6741472457 | Paul | one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church. | 69 | |
| 6741472458 | Pope | Bishop of Rome; head of the Catholic church in western Europe. Council of Nicaea: Christian council that met in 325 C.E. to determine orthodoxy with respect to the | 70 | |
| 6741472459 | Trinity; insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity. | 71 | ||
| 6741472460 | Benedict of Nursia | founder of monasticism in the former western half of the Roman Empire; established the Benedictine rule in the 6th century. | 72 | |
| 6741472461 | Civilization | societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups. | 73 | |
| 6741472462 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys. | 74 | |
| 6741472463 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into citystates. | 75 | |
| 6741472464 | Cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 76 | |
| 6741472465 | Ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections. | 77 | |
| 6741472466 | City-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king. | 78 | |
| 6741472467 | Babylonians | unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. | 79 | |
| 6741472468 | Hammurabi | the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law. | 80 | |
| 6741472469 | Pharaoh | the term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs. | 81 | |
| 6741472470 | Pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 82 | |
| 6741472471 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 83 | |
| 6741472472 | Indus River | river sources in Himalayas to mouth of Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. | 84 | |
| 6741472473 | Harappa | along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 85 | |
| 6741472474 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. | 86 | |
| 6741472475 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 87 | |
| 6741472476 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form. | 88 | |
| 6741472477 | Ramayana | one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, | 89 | |
| 6741472478 | Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | 90 | ||
| 6741472479 | Upanishads | later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. | 91 | |
| 6741472480 | Yellow River | also known as the Huanghe; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China. | 92 | |
| 6741472481 | Ideographs | pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | 93 | |
| 6741472482 | Shang | first Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 94 | |
| 6741472483 | Olmecs | people of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. | 95 | |
| 6741472484 | Chavín de Huanter | Chavín culture appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs. | 96 | |
| 6741472485 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 97 | |
| 6741472486 | Monotheism | the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization. | 98 | |
| 6741472487 | Buddha | creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things. | 99 | |
| 6741472488 | Alexander the Great | successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. | 100 | |
| 6741472489 | Himalayas | mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. | 101 | |
| 6741472490 | monsoons | seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains. | 102 | |
| 6741472491 | Sanskrit | the classical and sacred Indian language. | 103 | |
| 6741472492 | Varnas | clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas. | 104 | |
| 6741472493 | Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. | 105 | |
| 6741472494 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization. | 106 | |
| 6741472495 | Mauryan | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great. | 107 | |
| 6741472496 | Ashoka | grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhismand sponsored its spread throughout his empire. | 108 | |
| 6741472497 | dharma | the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life. | 109 | |
| 6741472498 | Guptas | dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire. | 110 | |
| 6741472499 | Kautilya | political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise. | 111 | |
| 6741472500 | gurus | originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. | 112 | |
| 6741472501 | Vishnu | the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped. | 113 | |
| 6741472502 | Shiva | Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change. | 114 | |
| 6741472503 | reincarnation | the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives. | 115 | |
| 6741472504 | nirvana | the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility. | 116 | |
| 6741472505 | Kamasutra | written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking. | 117 | |
| 6741472506 | stupas | stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. | 118 | |
| 6741472507 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 119 | |
| 6741472508 | lateen | triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms; which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship. | 120 | |
| 6741472509 | al-Mahdi | third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem. | 121 | |
| 6741472510 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights. | 122 | |
| 6741472511 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans, throughAbbasid figureheads. | 123 | |
| 6741472512 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th centuryin the name of the Abbasids. | 124 | |
| 6741472513 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291. | 125 | |
| 6741472514 | Saadin | (1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. | 126 | |
| 6741472515 | Ibn Khaldun | great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history. | 127 | |
| 6741472516 | Shah-Nama | epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests. | 128 | |
| 6741472517 | ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking. | 129 | |
| 6741472518 | al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions. | 130 | |
| 6741472519 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph. | 131 | |
| 6741472520 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms. | 132 | |
| 6741472521 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan; continued his work, taking Baghdad in 1258. | 133 | |
| 6741472522 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt, descended from Turkish slaves. | 134 | |
| 6741472523 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire. | 135 | |
| 6741472524 | Mahmud of Ghazni | ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century. | 136 | |
| 6741472525 | Muhammad of Ghur | Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India. | 137 | |
| 6741472526 | Qutb-ud- din Aibak | lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi. | 138 | |
| 6741472527 | bhaktic cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali. | 139 | |
| 6741472528 | Mir Bai | low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults. | 140 | |
| 6741472529 | Kabir | 15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam. | 141 | |
| 6741472530 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. | 142 | |
| 6741472531 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. | 143 | |
| 6741472532 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions. | 144 | |
| 6741472533 | Cyrus the Great | (c. 576 or 590-529 B.C.E.); founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. | 145 | |
| 6741472534 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person. | 146 | |
| 6741472535 | Olympic Games | one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek citystates; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations. | 147 | |
| 6741472536 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire. | 148 | |
| 6741472537 | Peloponnesian War | war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece. | 149 | |
| 6741472538 | Philip of Macedonia | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece. | 150 | |
| 6741472539 | Hellenistic | culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests. | 151 | |
| 6741472540 | Roman Republic | the balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. | 152 | |
| 6741472541 | Punic Wars | three wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power. | 153 | |
| 6741472542 | Carthage | founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans. | 154 | |
| 6741472543 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome. | 155 | |
| 6741472544 | Julius Caesar | general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators. | 156 | |
| 6741472545 | Caesar Augustus | (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. | 157 | |
| 6741472546 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 158 | |
| 6741472547 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. | 159 | |
| 6741472548 | Polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 160 | |
| 6741472549 | Direct democracy | literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. | 161 | |
| 6741472550 | Senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. | 162 | |
| 6741472551 | Consuls | two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy. | 163 | |
| 6741472552 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world. | 164 | |
| 6741472553 | Cicero | conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day. | 165 | |
| 6741472554 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. | 166 | |
| 6741472555 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young. | 167 | |
| 6741472556 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. | 168 | |
| 6741472557 | Iliad and Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology. | 169 | |
| 6741472558 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality. | 170 | |
| 6741472559 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 171 | |
| 6741472560 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 172 | |
| 6741472561 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 173 | |
| 6741472562 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. | 174 | |
| 6741472563 | Quaraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E. | 175 | |
| 6741472564 | Ka'ba | revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. | 176 | |
| 6741472565 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. | 177 | |
| 6741472566 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh. | 178 | |
| 6741472567 | Khadijah | the wife of Muhammad. | 179 | |
| 6741472568 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. | 180 | |
| 6741472569 | Ali | cousin and son-in- law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism. | 181 | |
| 6741472570 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam. | 182 | |
| 6741472571 | zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. | 183 | |
| 6741472572 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). | 184 | |
| 6741472573 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. | 185 | |
| 6741472574 | hajj | a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. | 186 | |
| 6741472575 | caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. | 187 | |
| 6741472576 | Ridda wars | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. | 188 | |
| 6741472577 | jihads | Islamic holy war. | 189 | |
| 6741472578 | Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims. | 190 | |
| 6741472579 | Uthman | third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. | 191 | |
| 6741472580 | Battle of Siffin | battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party. | 192 | |
| 6741472581 | Mu'awiya | first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. | 193 | |
| 6741472582 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. | 194 | |
| 6741472583 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. | 195 | |
| 6741472584 | Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 196 | |
| 6741472585 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. | 197 | |
| 6741472586 | mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam. | 198 | |
| 6741472587 | jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 199 | |
| 6741472588 | dhimmis | "the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 200 | |
| 6741472589 | hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam. | 201 | |
| 6741472590 | Abbasid | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. | 202 | |
| 6741472591 | Battle of the River Zab | 750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy. | 203 | |
| 6741472592 | Baghdad | Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 204 | |
| 6741472593 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids. | 205 | |
| 6741472594 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants. | 206 | |
| 6741472595 | ayan | the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids. | 207 | |
| 6741472596 | Indians | misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans. | 208 | |
| 6741472597 | Toltec culture | succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strong militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E. | 209 | |
| 6741472598 | Topiltzin | religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. | 210 | |
| 6741472599 | Quetzalcoatl | Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god. | 211 | |
| 6741472600 | Tenochtitlan | founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power. | 212 | |
| 6741472601 | Tlaloc | major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain. | 213 | |
| 6741472602 | Huitcilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god. | 214 | |
| 6741472603 | Nezhualcoyotl | leading Aztec king of the 15th century. | 215 | |
| 6741472604 | chinampas | beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs. | 216 | |
| 6741472605 | pochteca | merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in longdistance trade in luxury items. | 217 | |
| 6741472606 | calpulli | clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors. | 218 | |
| 6741472607 | Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation ofan Inca empire. | 219 | |
| 6741472608 | ayllus | households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical ancestor. | 220 | |
| 6741472609 | Twantinsuyu | Inca word for their empire; region from Colombia to Chile and eastward into Bolivia and Argentina. | 221 | |
| 6741472610 | split inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy. | 222 | |
| 6741472611 | Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas. | 223 | |
| 6741472612 | tambos | way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages. | 224 | |
| 6741472613 | mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 225 | |
| 6741472614 | Inca socialism | an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. | 226 | |
| 6741472615 | yanas | a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility. | 227 | |
| 6741472616 | quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records. | 228 | |
| 6741472617 | Zheng He | Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the India Ocean. | 229 | |
| 6741472618 | Renaissance | cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages. | 230 | |
| 6741472619 | Francesco Petrarch | Italian author and humanist; a major literary figure of the Renaissance. | 231 | |
| 6741472620 | Castile and Aragon | regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from | 232 | |
| 6741472621 | Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda. | 233 | ||
| 6741472622 | Vivaldi | Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic. | 234 | |
| 6741472623 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. | 235 | |
| 6741472624 | Tale of Genji | written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society. | 236 | |
| 6741472625 | Fujiwara | mid-9th- century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. | 237 | |
| 6741472626 | bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies. | 238 | |
| 6741472627 | samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor. | 239 | |
| 6741472628 | seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor. | 240 | |
| 6741472629 | Taira | powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars. | 241 | |
| 6741472630 | Minamoto | defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan. | 242 | |
| 6741472631 | Gempei wars | waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of Taira. | 243 | |
| 6741472632 | bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gumpei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. shoguns: military leaders of the bakufu. | 244 | |
| 6741472633 | Hojo | a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor. | 245 | |
| 6741472634 | Ashikaga Takuaji | member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino. | 246 | |
| 6741472635 | Ashikaga Shogunate | replaced the Kamakura regime and ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority. | 247 | |
| 6741472636 | daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga | 248 | |
| 6741472637 | shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states. | 249 | ||
| 6741472638 | Choson | earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 B.C.E. | 250 | |
| 6741472639 | Koguryo | tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification. | 251 | |
| 6741472640 | Silla | Korean kingdom in southeast; became a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 668. | 252 | |
| 6741472641 | Paekche | independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century. | 253 | |
| 6741472642 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions. | 254 | |
| 6741472643 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence. | 255 | |
| 6741472644 | Khmers | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi. | 256 | |
| 6741472645 | Trung sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society. | 257 | |
| 6741472646 | Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south. | 258 | |
| 6741472647 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi. | 259 | |
| 6741472648 | Trinh | dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south. | 260 | |
| 6741472649 | Factories | trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans. | 261 | |
| 6741472650 | El Mina | important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana. | 262 | |
| 6741472651 | Nzinga Mvemba | ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade. | 263 | |
| 6741472652 | Luanda | Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola. | 264 | |
| 6741472653 | Royal African Company | chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies. | 265 | |
| 6741472654 | Indies piece | a unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave. | 266 | |
| 6741472655 | triangular trade | complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa. | 267 | |
| 6741472656 | Asante | Akan state among the Akan people of Ghana and centered at Kumasi. | 268 | |
| 6741472657 | Osei Tutu | important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante. | 269 | |
| 6741472658 | Asantehene | title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante. | 270 | |
| 6741472659 | Benin | African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; famous for its bronze casting techniques. | 271 | |
| 6741472660 | Dahomey | African state among the Fon peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at | 272 | |
| 6741472661 | Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms. | 273 | ||
| 6741472662 | Luo | Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties in the lakes region of central Africa. | 274 | |
| 6741472663 | Usuman Dan Fodio | Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa. | 275 | |
| 6741472664 | Great Trek | movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government. | 276 | |
| 6741472665 | Shaka | ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state. | 277 | |
| 6741472666 | Mfecane | wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization. Swazi and Lesotho: African states formed by people reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane. | 278 | |
| 6741472667 | Middle Passage | slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience. | 279 | |
| 6741472668 | Saltwater slaves | name given to slaves born in Africa; distinguished from American-born descendants, the creoles. | 280 | |
| 6741472669 | obeah | African religious practices in the British American islands. | 281 | |
| 6741472670 | candomble | African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. | 282 | |
| 6741472671 | vodun | African religious practices among descendants in Haiti. | 283 | |
| 6741472672 | Palmares | Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil. | 284 | |
| 6741472673 | Surinam Maroons | descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana. | 285 |
