Terms : Hide Images
| 12175816195 | paleolithic age | age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 0 | |
| 12175816196 | homo sapiens | the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period | 1 | |
| 12175816197 | neolithic age | age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants | 2 | |
| 12175816198 | neolithic revolution | succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture | 3 | |
| 12175816199 | hunting and gathering | means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture | 4 | |
| 12175816200 | bronze age | age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east | 5 | |
| 12175816201 | slash and burn agriculture | a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted | 6 | |
| 12175816202 | bands | a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people | 7 | |
| 12175816204 | civilization | societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites | 8 | |
| 12175816205 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 9 | |
| 12175816206 | nomads | cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies | 10 | |
| 12175816207 | Mesopotamia | the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys | 11 | |
| 12175816208 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states | 12 | |
| 12175816209 | ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 13 | |
| 12175816210 | city-states | a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings | 14 | |
| 12175816211 | Babylonians | unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion | 15 | |
| 12175816212 | Hammurabi | the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 16 | |
| 12175816213 | pharoah | title of kings of ancient Egypt | 17 | |
| 12175816214 | pyramids | monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs | 18 | |
| 12175816216 | Indus River Valley | location of Harappan civilization | 19 | |
| 12175816219 | Huanghe (Yellow) River | site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | 20 | |
| 12175816220 | ideographic writing | pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts | 21 | |
| 12175816221 | Shang | first Chinese dynasty | 22 | |
| 12175816222 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 23 | |
| 12175816223 | mandate of heaven | the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers | 24 | |
| 12175816224 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god | 25 | |
| 12175816225 | Daoism | philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force | 26 | |
| 12175816226 | Qin | dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty | 27 | |
| 12175816227 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the brief Qin dynasty | 28 | |
| 12175816228 | Zhou | vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China | 29 | |
| 12175816229 | Confucius | founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi | 30 | |
| 12175816230 | Great Wall | Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi | 31 | |
| 12175816231 | Han | dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years | 32 | |
| 12175816232 | Silk Roads | trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations | 33 | |
| 12175816233 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 34 | |
| 12175816234 | monsoon | seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer | 35 | |
| 12175816235 | Aryan | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society | 36 | |
| 12175816236 | sanskrit | the sacred and classical Indian language | 37 | |
| 12175816237 | vedas | aryan hymns written down in sacred books | 38 | |
| 12175816238 | untouchables | lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks | 39 | |
| 12175816241 | Mauryan dynasty | dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion | 40 | |
| 12175816242 | Ashoka | grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire | 41 | |
| 12175816243 | dharma | the caste position and career determined by a person's birth | 42 | |
| 12175816244 | Kushans | dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism | 43 | |
| 12175816245 | Guptas | dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire | 44 | |
| 12175816247 | gurus | Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas | 45 | |
| 12175816248 | Vishnu | the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice | 46 | |
| 12175816249 | Shiva | the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction | 47 | |
| 12175816250 | reincarnation | the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives | 48 | |
| 12175816251 | Buddha | creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things | 49 | |
| 12175816252 | nirvana | the Buddhist state of enlightenment | 50 | |
| 12175816254 | Cyrus the Great | established massive Persian empire | 51 | |
| 12175816255 | zoroastrianism | animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire | 52 | |
| 12175816256 | olympic games | one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals | 53 | |
| 12175816257 | Pericles | Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars | 54 | |
| 12175816258 | Peloponnesian Wars | wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece | 55 | |
| 12175816259 | Philip II of Macedon | founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander | 56 | |
| 12175816260 | Hellenistic Period | culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 57 | |
| 12175816261 | Alexandria | Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library | 58 | |
| 12175816262 | Roman republic | balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies | 59 | |
| 12175816263 | Punic Wars | fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts | 60 | |
| 12175816264 | Carthage | a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome | 61 | |
| 12175816266 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators | 62 | |
| 12175816267 | Augustus Caesar | first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra | 63 | |
| 12175816269 | Constantine | Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire | 64 | |
| 12175816270 | polis | city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization | 65 | |
| 12175816271 | direct democracy | rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials | 66 | |
| 12175816272 | senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic | 67 | |
| 12175816273 | consuls | two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 68 | |
| 12175816275 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 69 | |
| 12175816277 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions | 70 | |
| 12175816278 | Plato | Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles | 71 | |
| 12175816284 | Ethiopia | Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa | 72 | |
| 12175816285 | Sahara | desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa | 73 | |
| 12175816286 | Shintoism | religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world | 74 | |
| 12175816288 | Sui | dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China | 75 | |
| 12175816289 | Tang | dynasty after and more stable than the Sui | 76 | |
| 12175816292 | islam | major world religion from the Arabian peninsula | 77 | |
| 12175816293 | Allah | supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 78 | |
| 12175816294 | Byzantine empire | eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople | 79 | |
| 12175816295 | Justinian | eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia | 80 | |
| 12175816296 | Augustine | influential church father and theologian born in Africa | 81 | |
| 12175816298 | Jesus | prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah | 82 | |
| 12175816299 | Paul | one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law | 83 | |
| 12175816300 | pope | bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe | 84 | |
| 12175816303 | Muslims | followers of islam | 85 | |
| 12175816304 | Muhammad | the prophet of Islam | 86 | |
| 12175816305 | Qu'ran | the holy book of Islam | 87 | |
| 12175816308 | Mecca | the holy city of Islam | 88 | |
| 12175816309 | Umayyad | clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam | 89 | |
| 12175816313 | Ali | the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 90 | |
| 12175816314 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 91 | |
| 12175816316 | five pillars | obligatory religious duties for all Muslims | 92 | |
| 12175816317 | Ramadan | Islamic holy month; fasting is observed | 93 | |
| 12175816318 | hajj | the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims | 94 | |
| 12175816319 | caliph | successors to Muhammad | 95 | |
| 12175816320 | abu bakr | one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community | 96 | |
| 12175816322 | jihad | Islamic holy war | 97 | |
| 12175816327 | sunnis | followers of the Umayyads | 98 | |
| 12175816328 | shi'a | followers of Ali | 99 | |
| 12175816335 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads | 100 | |
| 12175816337 | Baghdad | capital of the Abbasid empire | 101 | |
| 12175816344 | seljuk turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis | 102 | |
| 12175816345 | crusades | series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims | 103 | |
| 12175816346 | Saladin | Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century | 104 | |
| 12175816347 | Ottoman empire | turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East | 105 | |
| 12175816351 | mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph | 106 | |
| 12175816352 | chinggis khan | mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire | 107 | |
| 12175816353 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad | 108 | |
| 12175816372 | Sundiata | member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire | 109 | |
| 12175816373 | Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records | 110 | |
| 12175816376 | Muhammad the Great | extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire | 111 | |
| 12175816383 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers | 112 | |
| 12175816387 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire | 113 | |
| 12175816388 | iconoclasm | religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons) | 114 | |
| 12175816394 | Russian orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire | 115 | |
| 12175816398 | middle ages | period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century | 116 | |
| 12175816399 | vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe | 117 | |
| 12175816400 | manorialism | system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages | 118 | |
| 12175816401 | serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 119 | |
| 12175816403 | three-field system | system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe | 120 | |
| 12175816406 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe | 121 | |
| 12175816407 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany | 122 | |
| 12175816408 | holy Roman emperors | emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire | 123 | |
| 12175816409 | feudalism | social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service | 124 | |
| 12175816410 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 125 | |
| 12175816411 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy | 126 | |
| 12175816412 | Magna Carta | great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims | 127 | |
| 12175816413 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups | 128 | |
| 12175816414 | key three estates | church, nobles, and urban leaders | 129 | |
| 12175816415 | hundred years' war | conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France | 130 | |
| 12175816416 | Pope Urban II | called the first crusade | 131 | |
| 12175816418 | investiture | practice of state appointment of bishops | 132 | |
| 12175816422 | scholasticism | use of logic to solve theological problems | 133 | |
| 12175816426 | Black Death | plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure | 134 |
