Terms : Hide Images
| 125171621 | holy roman emperors | Emperors in Northern Italy and Germany, following split of Charlemagne's empire, claimed title of emperor blending religious and classical ideads. They however failed to develop affective monarchies in Germany. | 0 | |
| 125171622 | william the conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 1 | |
| 125171623 | scholasticism | the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe | 2 | |
| 125171624 | magna carta | A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King | 3 | |
| 125171625 | investiture | the practice of state appointment | 4 | |
| 125171626 | manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. | 5 | |
| 125171627 | carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. | 6 | |
| 125171628 | charlegmagne | Charles the great. Considered one of the most important leaders in European history. was named emperor of the Roman people by the pope and was a very skilled warrior | 7 | |
| 125171629 | hanseatic league | German cities band together to make a trade club. Make seas safe from piracy again. | 8 | |
| 125171630 | guilds | an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 9 | |
| 125171631 | thomas aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology | 10 | |
| 125171632 | peter abelard | Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 11 | |
| 125171633 | stoics | ethic system that emphasized an inner moral independence | 12 | |
| 125171634 | cyrus the great | A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world | 13 | |
| 125171635 | julius ceasar | Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic | 14 | |
| 125171636 | augustus ceasar | Julius Ceasar great nephew and adopted son; real name was Gaius Octavian; won struggle for power after Ceasar's death; Rome's first emperor and created their empire; ruled from 31 B.C- 14 A.D; lead Rome into Golden Age | 15 | |
| 125171637 | diocletian and constantine | Strong emperors toward the end of the Roman empire who tried with some success to reverse fall | 16 | |
| 125171638 | phillip II of Macedon | won an important battle in the peloponnesian wars; | 17 | |
| 125171639 | pelopennesian wars | The wars that occurred multiple times between sparta and athens for control of greece | 18 | |
| 125171640 | hellenistic period | trade flourished and important scientific centers were developed | 19 | |
| 125171641 | punic wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 20 | |
| 125171642 | hagia sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 21 | |
| 125171643 | tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact | 22 | |
| 125171644 | boyars | The Russian nobility | 23 | |
| 125171645 | cyril and methodius | missionaries that translated the Greek bible to the Cryllic bible | 24 | |
| 125171646 | empress theodora | The most powerful woman in Byzantine history, she passed laws and advisd her husband, Justinian | 25 | |
| 125171647 | kievan rus | grew out of settlements of slavs and Varangians; expanded territory under czars | 26 | |
| 125171648 | shi'a | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 27 | |
| 125171649 | sunnis | Muslims that believe the caliph doesn't have to be related to Muhammad and should be chosen by the leaders of the Islamic community | 28 | |
| 125171650 | ridda wars | wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 29 | |
| 125171651 | wazir | chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils | 30 | |
| 125171652 | harun al rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession | 31 | |
| 125171653 | seljuk turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 32 | |
| 125171654 | crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 33 | |
| 125171655 | buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 34 | |
| 125171656 | lateen sails | propelled dhows | 35 | |
| 125171657 | ibn khaldun | A Muslim Historian who wrote that all civilizations, rise and fall. He was also one of the first historians to study the affect of geography and climate on people. | 36 | |
| 125171658 | sufis | mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life | 37 | |
| 125171659 | ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 38 | |
| 125171660 | great zimbabwe | featured royal courts made of stone; created centralized state; king took title "Mwene Mutapa" | 39 | |
| 125171661 | bantu | a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent | 40 | |
| 125171662 | sharia | Islamic Law | 41 | |
| 125171663 | jenne and timbuktu | Mali possesed "port cities" along the niger river such as __________ that flourished both commercially and culturally | 42 | |
| 125171664 | songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 43 | |
| 125171665 | griots | professional oral historians; advisors to the kings | 44 | |
| 125171666 | ibn batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. | 45 | |
| 125171667 | swahili coast | Past African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabicsawahil, meaning "shores. | 46 | |
| 125171668 | sudanic states | kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; often had a patriarch; rulers were considered sacred; territorial core area | 47 | |
| 125171669 | berbers | a member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt | 48 | |
| 125171670 | mansa kankan musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 49 | |
| 125171671 | juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa | 50 | |
| 125171672 | stateless societies | Societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states. | 51 | |
| 125171673 | hopewell | Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds. | 52 | |
| 125171674 | cuzco | The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru | 53 | |
| 125171675 | inca | a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family) | 54 | |
| 125171676 | split inheritance | Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy. | 55 | |
| 125171677 | calpulli | Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders | 56 | |
| 125171678 | tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztec empire | 57 | |
| 125171679 | quetzalcoatl | Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes | 58 | |
| 125171680 | toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice. | 59 | |
| 125171681 | anasazi | a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings | 60 | |
| 125171682 | mandarins | language | 61 | |
| 125171683 | mandate of heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 62 | |
| 125171684 | legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 63 | |
| 125171685 | han dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization | 64 | |
| 125171686 | qin dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 65 | |
| 125171687 | zhou dynasty | displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher) | 66 | |
| 125171688 | prehistoric | belonging to or existing in times before recorded history | 67 | |
| 125171689 | bronze age | (archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons | 68 | |
| 125171690 | neolithic | New Stone Age | 69 | |
| 125171691 | mesolithic | Middle Stone Age | 70 | |
| 125171692 | paleolithic | Old Stone Age | 71 | |
| 125171693 | sanskrit | the most important language of ancient India | 72 | |
| 125171694 | vedas | a collection of sacred hymns and poems | 73 | |
| 125171695 | upanishads | ... | 74 |
