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| 65470766 | Foraging societies | small groups of people who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated | 0 | |
| 65470767 | Pastoral societies | characterized by domestication of animals | 1 | |
| 65470768 | Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) | transition period from nomadic to agricultural lifestyle | 2 | |
| 65470769 | Bronze Age | the latter part of the Neolithic Era when people figured out how to combine copper with tin to create an even harder metal. | 3 | |
| 65470770 | city-states | made up of an urban center and the agricultural land around it under its control. | 4 | |
| 65470771 | Mesopotamia | means "land between rivers"; the rivers were the Tigris and Euphrates. A series of ancient civilizations- most notably SUmer, Babylon, and Persia -thrived along their banks. | 5 | |
| 65470772 | Sumerian civilization | rose in the southern part of Mesopotamia. Successful agriculture and river management, development of a system of writing, introduction of the wheel, polytheism, and ziggurats characterized this civilization. | 6 | |
| 65470773 | Ziggurats | temples built by Sumerians to appease their gods. | 7 | |
| 65470774 | Code of Hammurabi | extensive code of laws that dealt with every part of daily life and credited as a significant step toward our modern legal codes | 8 | |
| 65470775 | Akkad | north of SUmer, and rose to dominate the region. Developed the first known code of laws, written in cuneiform that they learned from the Sumerians. | 9 | |
| 65470776 | Babylon | Overthrew Akkad and developed the Code of Hammurabi. | 10 | |
| 65470777 | Hittites | Overthrew Babylon. Military superpower because used iron, which is stronger than bronze. | 11 | |
| 65470778 | Assyrians | Learned how to use the iron that the Hittites used to overthrow them and espablished a capital at Nineveh and built an empire that swept across the entire Fertile Crescent | 12 | |
| 65470779 | Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture | 13 | |
| 65470780 | Persian Empire | Overthrew the new Babylon as rebuilt by the Chaldeans and established a HUGE empire. | 14 | |
| 65470781 | Lydians | invented the concept of using coined money to conduct trade | 15 | |
| 65470782 | Phoenicians | established powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean and developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters as opposed to a much more complex cuneiform system. | 16 | |
| 65470783 | Hebrews | Significant because of their religious beliefs called Judaism. Established Israel in Palestine on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. | 17 | |
| 65470784 | Egyptian civilization | developed along the Nile River, where the soil was rich and agricultural opportunities were plentiful. | 18 | |
| 65470785 | King Menes | entire river valley was united under him. Bilt his capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage the floodwaters and build drainage and irrigation systems. | 19 | |
| 65470786 | Pharaohs | Rulers who directed the construction of obelisks and the pyramids. | 20 | |
| 65470787 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system that consisted of a seires of pictures that represented letters and words. | 21 | |
| 65470788 | Queen Hatshepsut | first female ruler known in history credited with expanding Egyption trade expeditions | 22 | |
| 65470789 | Indus Valley | built along the banks of a river system, but between huge mountains, so contact with ouside was more limited. Crumbled with arrival of Aryans. | 23 | |
| 65470790 | Khyber Pass | Pass through the Hindu Kush Mountains that provided a connection to the outside world | 24 | |
| 65470791 | Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro | The Indus Valley's two major cities that were master-planned, uniformly constructed and had sophisticated wastewater systems | 25 | |
| 65470792 | Aryans | nomadic tribes who used advanced weaponry to defeat the populations in the Indus Valley. Gave up nomadic lifestyle to settle there. | 26 | |
| 65470793 | Hinduism | Aryan beliefs in the Upanishads and Vedas were basis for this religion. | 27 | |
| 65470794 | caste system | began as a 3-class system: warriors, priests and peasants, but later evolved into a new system with Brahmans on top, then warriors, landowners and merchants, and finally peasants. | 28 | |
| 65470795 | Brahmans | the priest class | 29 | |
| 65470796 | Shang Dynasty | used its stable agricultural surplus to build a trade-centered civilization. Militarily powerful, built walls around the towns and cities along the river and its warriors used chariots to defeat their enemies | 30 |
