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AP World History Flashcards

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4814013052Paleolithic AgeThe Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.0
4814013053Homo sapiensThe humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period.1
4814013054Neolithic AgeThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.2
4814013055Neolithic RevolutionThe succession of technological innovations and changes in human organisation that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.3
4814013056Hunting and GatheringThe original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries.4
4814013057Bronze AgeFrom about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, yo about 1500 B.C.E, when iron began to replace it.5
4814013058Slash and Burn AgricultureA system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted.6
4814013059BandA level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis.7
4814013060Catal HuyukEarly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.8
4814013061CivilizationSocieties distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.9
4814013062CuneifromA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.10
4814013063NomadsCattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.11
4814013064MesopotamiaLiterally meaning between two rivers; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys12
4814013065SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organised area into city-states.13
4814013066ZigguratsMassive towers usually associates with Mesopotamian temple complexes.14
4814013067City-StatesA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agriculture hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.15
4814013068Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.16
4814013069HammurabiThe most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for the codification of law.17
4814013070PharaohTitle of kings of ancient Egypt.18
4814013071PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.19
4814013072KushAn African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and rules it for several centuries.20
4814013073Indus River ValleyRiver sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.21
4814013074HarappaAlong with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern22
4814013075Mohenjo DaroAlong with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grip pattern.23
4814013076Yellow RiverAlso known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.24
4814013077ShangFirst Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1064 B.C.E.25
4814013078OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animals bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on the bones led to Chinese writing.26
4814013079IdeographsPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.27
4814013080PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.28
4814013081MonotheismThe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.29

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