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| 4800030159 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. | 0 | |
| 4800030707 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "house of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire. | 1 | |
| 4800031728 | Olympic Games | One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competition and ritual celebrations. | 2 | |
| 4800031729 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War. | 3 | |
| 4800032325 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece. | 4 | |
| 4800047908 | Phillip the Second | Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority. | 5 | |
| 4800048390 | Hellenistic Period | That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with Eastern political forms. | 6 | |
| 4800049980 | Alexandria, Egypt | One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies. | 7 | |
| 4800050407 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 8 | |
| 4800051119 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts. | 9 | |
| 4800051120 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in Northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean. | 10 | |
| 4800051708 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama. | 11 | |
| 4800051709 | Doric | Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture, the least ornate of the 3 styles. | 12 | |
| 4800052449 | Ionic | Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture, more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian. | 13 | |
| 4800052450 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 14 | |
| 4800054432 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 33 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. | 15 | |
| 4800055274 | Polis | City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 4800056000 | Direct Democracy | Where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives. | 17 | |
| 4800056001 | Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. | 18 | |
| 4800056685 | Consuls | Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy. | 19 | |
| 4800056686 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar. | 20 | |
| 4800057593 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. | 21 | |
| 4800058177 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. | 22 | |
| 4800058598 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young. | 23 | |
| 4800058599 | Sophacles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. | 24 | |
| 4800059267 | Iliad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. | 25 | |
| 4800059684 | Odyssey | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. | 26 | |
| 4800060958 | Corinthian | Along with Doric and Ionic, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture, the most ornate of the 3 styles. | 27 |
